Экология библиотеки: от Наркомпроса до наших дней (в Санкт-Петербурге прошел VI Всероссийский форум публичных библиотек)

The article is devoted to the 6th All-Russian Forum of Public Libraries, held on 17—18 November, 2017 in St. Petersburg, which became the main event of library discourse at the Saint-Petersburg International Cultural Forum. It was organized by the National Library of Russia and the Russian Library Association. To the organization of the Forum contributed the St. Petersburg Committee for Culture, the Central City Public Library named after V.V. Mayakovsky, A. Pushkin Central City Children’s Library and the centralized library systems of Kronstadt and Nevsky districts, provided their facilities for holding the round tables.There are considered the problems of transformation of public libraries in the twentieth century, and features of the present stage of development of libraries on the basis of new information technologies and social norms, which are the main issues that invited a lively discussion among the Forum participants. There are presented differences in the approaches to modernization and optimization of public libraries of Moscow and St.-Petersburg, the experience of attracting sponsorship for renovation of libraries. There is revealed the contribution of the Soviet period in the formation of the library system of the country and the difficulty of adapting to the economic policy of the new time. The main causes of reducing availability of library services, primarily in rural areas, are discussed. The conclusion is made on the inconsistency of state library policy, as evidenced by the absence of the concept of the development of librarianship for the future, and by the approval of the network normative standards, which may result in closing of up to 30% of the libraries in different regions of the country.Статья посвящена VI Всероссийскому форуму публичных библиотек, состоявшемуся 17—18 ноября 2017 г. в Санкт-Петербурге, который стал основным мероприятием библиотечной тематики VI Санкт-Петербургского международного культурного форума. Организаторами выступили Российская национальная библиотека и Российская библиотечная ассоциация. Свой вклад в организацию Форума внесли Комитет по культуре Санкт-Петербурга, Центральная городская публичная библиотека им. В.В. Маяковского, Центральная городская детская библиотека им. А.С. Пушкина и централизованные библиотечные системы Кронштадтского и Невского районов, которые предоставили площадки для проведения круглых столов.Рассматриваются проблемы трансформации общедоступных библиотек в ХХ в. и особенности современного этапа развития библиотек на основе новых информационных технологий и социальных нормативов, которые стали главными вопросами, вызвавшими живую дискуссию среди участников Форума. Показаны различия в подходах к модернизации и оптимизации общедоступных библиотек Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга, опыт привлечения спонсорских средств на реновацию библиотек. Раскрывается вклад советского периода в формирование библиотечной системы страны и сложности адаптации к экономической политике нового времени. Обсуждаются основные причины снижения доступности библиотечных услуг, прежде всего, на селе. Делается вывод о противоречивости государственной биб-лиотечной политики, о чем свидетельствует отсутствие концепции развития библиотечного дела на перспективу, утверждение сетевых нормативов, которые могут привести к закрытию до 30% библиотек в отдельных регионах страны

От Года литературы - к читающей стране: библиотечная общественность на IV Санкт-Петербургском международном культурном форуме

The article is devoted to the main themes and presentations of the participants of the All-Russian Scientific Practical Conference “Libraries and Reading”, which became the key event of the 5th All-Russian Forum of the Public Libraries (15-17 December, 2015, St. Petersburg). The Forum discussed projects of the “Year of Culture” and the “Year of Literature” developed in the public libraries of Russia, problems of “optimization” of library networks, trends of the modern stage of development of municipal libraries. There is published the final document (appeal) to the government authorities and to the library community of Russia.Статья посвящена основным темам и выступлениям участников Всероссийской научно-практической конференции «Библиотека и чтение», ставшей ключевым мероприятием V Всероссийского форума публичных библиотек (15-17 декабря 2015 г., Санкт-Петербург). На Форуме обсуждались проекты «Года культуры» и «Года литературы» в деятельности публичных библиотек России, вопросы «оптимизации» библиотечной сети, тенденции современного этапа развития муниципальных библиотек. Публикуется итоговый документ (обращение) к органам власти и библиотечному сообществу России

Simple Model for the Variation of Superfluid Density with Zn Concentration in YBCO

We describe a simple model for calculating the zero-temperature superfluid density of Zn-doped YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-\delta} as a function of the fraction x of in-plane Cu atoms which are replaced by Zn. The basis of the calculation is a ``Swiss cheese'' picture of a single CuO_2 layer, in which a substitutional Zn impurity creates a normal region of area $\pi\xi_{ab}^2$ around it as originally suggested by Nachumi et al. Here $\xi_{ab}$ is the zero-temperature in-plane coherence length at x = 0. We use this picture to calculate the variation of the in-plane superfluid density with x at temperature T = 0, using both a numerical approach and an analytical approximation. For $\delta = 0.37$, if we use the value $\xi_{ab}$ = 18.3 angstrom, we find that the in-plane superfluid decreases with increasing x and vanishes near $x_c = 0.01$ in the analytical approximation, and near $x_c = 0.014$ in the numerical approach. $x_c$ is quite sensitive to $\xi_{ab}$, whose value is not widely agreed upon. The model also predicts a peak in the real part of the conductivity, Re$\sigma_e(\omega, x)$, at concentrations $x \sim x_c$, and low frequencies, and a variation of critical current density with x of the form $J_c(x) \propto n_{S,e}(x)^{7/4}$ near percolation, where $n_{S,e}(x)$ is the in-plane superfluid density.Comment: 19 pages including 6 figures, submitted to Physica

Aneutronic pB-Reaction in Magnetized Inertial Confined Plasma of Laser-Accelerated Particles

A brief review on studies aimed at initiating a neutronless nuclear reaction between protons and boron nuclei is presented. The least energy-cost of a currently known approach to ignition of pB reaction is proposed using a petawatt laser for producing a magnetized plasma of laser-accelerated ions and electrons as well as using a terawatt laser for inertial confinement of such a plasma

On infrared pseudogap in cuprate and pnictide high-temperature superconductors

We investigate infrared manifestations of the pseudogap in the prototypical cuprate and pnictide superconductors: YBa2Cu3Oy and BaFe2As2 (Ba122) systems. We find remarkable similarities between the spectroscopic features attributable to the pseudogap in these two classes of superconductors. The hallmarks of the pseudogap state in both systems include a weak absorption feature at about 500 cm-1 followed by a featureless continuum between 500 and 1500 cm-1 in the conductivity data and a significant suppression in the scattering rate below 700 - 900 cm-1. The latter result allows us to identify the energy scale associated with the pseudogap $\Delta_{PG}$. We find that in the Ba122-based materials the superconductivity-induced changes of the infrared spectra occur in the frequency region below 100 - 200 cm-1, which is much lower than the energy scale of the pseudogap. We performed theoretical analysis of the scattering rate data of the two compounds using the same model which accounts for the effects of the pseudogap and electron-boson coupling. We find that the scattering rate suppression in Ba122-based compounds below $\Delta_{PG}$ is solely due to the pseudogap formation whereas the impact of the electron-boson coupling effects is limited to lower frequencies. The magnetic resonance modes used as inputs in our modeling are found to evolve with the development of the pseudogap, suggesting an intimate correlation between the pseudogap and magnetism

Phase transition in bulk single crystals and thin films of VO2 by nanoscale infrared spectroscopy and imaging

We have systematically studied a variety of vanadium dioxide (VO2) crystalline forms, including bulk single crystals and oriented thin films, using infrared (IR) near-field spectroscopic imaging techniques. By measuring the IR spectroscopic responses of electrons and phonons in VO2 with sub-grain-size spatial resolution (∼20nm), we show that epitaxial strain in VO2 thin films not only triggers spontaneous local phase separations, but also leads to intermediate electronic and lattice states that are intrinsically different from those found in bulk. Generalized rules of strain- and symmetry-dependent mesoscopic phase inhomogeneity are also discussed. These results set the stage for a comprehensive understanding of complex energy landscapes that may not be readily determined by macroscopic approaches

Crowdsourcing Fungal Biodiversity : Revision of Inaturalist Observations in Northwestern Siberia

The paper presents the first analysis of crowdsourcing data of all observations of fungi (including lichens) and myxomycetes in Northwestern Siberia uploaded to iNaturalist.org to date (24.02.2022). The Introduction presents an analysis of fungal diversity crowdsourcing globally, in Russia, and in the region of interest. Materials and methods describe the protocol of uploading data to iNaturalist.org, the structure of the crowdsourcing community. initiative to revise the accumulated data. procedures of data analysis, and compilation of a dataset of revised crowdsourced data. The Results present the analysis of accumulated data by several parameters: temporal, geographical and taxonomical scope, observation and identification efforts, identifiability of various taxa, species novelty and Red Data Book categories and the protection status of registered observations. The Discussion provides data on usability of crowdsourcing data for biodiversity research and conservation of fungi, including pros and contras. The Electronic Supplements to the paper include an annotated checklist of observations of protected species with information on Red Data Book categories and the protection status, and an annotated checklist of regional records of new taxa. The paper is supplemented with a dataset of about 15 000 revised and annotated records available through Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The tradition of crowdsourcing is rooted in mycological societies around the world, including Russia. In Northwestern Siberia, a regional mycological club was established in 2018, encouraging its members to contribute observations of fungi on iNaturalist.org. A total of about 15 000 observations of fungi and myxomycetes were uploaded so far, by about 200 observers, from three administrative regions (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Tyumen Region). The geographical coverage of crowdsourcing observations remains low. However. the observation activity has increased in the last four years. The goal of this study consisted of a collaborative effort of professional mycologists invited to help with the identification of these observations and analysis of the accumulated data. As a result, all observations were reviewed by at least one expert. About half of all the observations have been identified reliably to the species level and received Research Grade status. Of those, 90 species (195 records) represented records of taxa new to their respective regions: 876 records of 53 species of protected species provide important data for conservation programmes. The other half of the observations consists of records still under-identified for various reasons: poor quality photographs, complex taxa (impossible to identify without microscopic or molecular study). or lack of experts in a particular taxonomic group. The Discussion section summarises the pros and cons of the use of crowdsourcing for the study and conservation of regional fungal diversity, and summarises the dispute on this subject among mycologists. Further research initiatives involving crowdsourcing data must focus on an increase in the quality of observations and strive to introduce the habit of collecting voucher specimens among the community of amateurs. The timely feedback from experts is also important to provide quality and the increase of personal involvement.Peer reviewe