Solution of Ulam's problem on binary search with three lies

AbstractIn this paper we determine the minimal number of yes-no queries needed to find an unknown integer between 1 and 1000000 if at most three of the answers may be erroneous

Quantification of microstructural changes during first stage air drying of grape tissue

Microstructural changes in cells of Ruby grape (Vitis vinifera) quarters were monitored during first stage of convective air drying, under a stereo-microscope. A gradual overall shrinkage of grape cells was observed during the process. The cellular parameters: area, perimeter, major and minor axis length, Feret diameter, elongation, roundness and compactness, were quantified by image analysis. It was verified that cell dimensions suffered modifications during drying, but their shape remained unchanged. These microstructural changes showed a smooth exponential decrease with time, and a first-order kinetic model was satisfactorily fitted to the data. Temperature increased the rate of cellular shrinkage and this effect followed an Arrhenius type behaviour. Increasing temperature from 20 to 60 C resulted in a 350% increase of the area change rate. For the parameters related to cellular dimensions, the magnitude of the values were 10 3 min 1 for the rate of change at 40 C and 3 kJ/mol for the activation energ

Apuntes para una renovación e impulso de la gestión pública: el caso de la ciencia

Tras un largo periodo en que hemos asistido al triunfo del mercado, parece que vuelven las políticas públicas. No sabemos si el revival tiene que ver con los efectos de la crisis y los desmanes económico-financieros a nivel global o si deriva de la decadencia europea y su incapacidad para ser vista como agente principal en un mundo en que todos dependemos de todos. Lo que de verdad importa a los ciudadanos, y especialmente a los gestores públicos, no son tanto las razones como el interés renacido que despierta la actuación pública. Sea por un motivo o por otro, al ciudadano le interesa y le importa lo que ocurre de puertas adentro en las Administraciones públicas. Tanto si se trata de exigir cuentas como contribuyente (¿qué han hecho con mi dinero?) o como elector (¿qué han hecho con mi voto?), el interés por la gestión pública está más que justificado

Cáncer de Cuello Uterino: La Hipertermia como nuevo pilar en el tratamiento

El cáncer de cérvix, constituye una de las neoplasias de mayor importancia en la actualidad, tanto por los datos de incidencia (3.3% de los tumores femeninos, siendo el segundo en frecuencia de las neoplasias en la mujer, por detrás del cáncer de mama), como por los avances introducidos en prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Hoy en día, son diagnosticados alrededor de 2587 nuevos casos al año, con una edad promedio de 48 años, y aunque su prevalencia es elevada, han disminuido enormemente las cifras de mortalidad asociadas a esta neoplasia (alrededor de unas 680 muertes al año). El conocimiento y avance de las técnicas de screening , sobretodo la citologia del Cérvix uterino y el test del Virus de Papiloma Humano (VPH), permite una detección temprana de estas patologías, mejorando así las tasas de supervivencia. Por otro lado, la introducción de medidas profilacticas como, la vacuna del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH), han resultado fundamentales para la reducción del número de casos, ya que este virus, se considera uno de los principales agentes causales en el desarrollo de la misma. Con respecto al ámbito terapéutico disponible, además de los ya implantados como la cirugía (histerectomía en la mayor parte de los casos), la aplicación de radioterapia y quimioterapia (como terapia única o combinada), en la actualidad se está apostando por el estudio de los beneficios de la introducción de nuevos pilares terapéuticos entre los que destaca el uso de la hipertermia en combinación con los tratamiento clásicos de dicha enfermedad. Son numerosos los estudios que aportan resultados prometedores en las tasas de respuesta aplicando estas nuevas técnicas sin aumentar los aspectos negativos en el tratamiento de dichos tumores.<br /

Padrão diferencial de doppler espectral para o trato de saída do ventrículo direito

Spectral doppler scanning of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) provides hemodynamic information for the differential diagnosis of heart disease. The flow profile provides data of speed, time, direction and anatomical or functional determination of different changes. The objective of this present work is to analyze the spectral doppler pattern of the right ventricular outflow tract to contribute to the differential diagnosis of heart disease and hemodynamic disorders in pets. The normal ejection spectral trace shows a symmetrical profile, a rounded tip, and tip velocity less than 1.81 m / s (Type I). Pulmonary hypertension, as a consequence of the increased pulmonary vascular resistance, may present a dagger profile, asymmetric, and top speed that is reached within the first third of the spectral trace (Type II). The presence of a gap in the final third of the deceleration curve (flying W), defines the profile as Type III. In stenotic processes top and integral speed time, exceed the normal range and allow to classify the severity of the process. Fixed pulmonary stenosis presents a symmetrical and high-speed profile (&gt; 1.81 m / s). In dynamic obstructions the spectral profile is inverted, reaching the maximum speed at the end of the acceleration curve. When ductus arteriosus is persistent, the flow profile is continuous. Systodiastolic, positive and negative flows, are observed throughout the entire trace. The findings of the spectral doppler scan, by means of the analysis of the flow profile of the right ventricular outflow tract, allow to differentiate pathological processes present, as well as determinate its severity, collaborating in a quick way in the doppler differential diagnosis.La exploración doppler espectral del tracto de salida ventricular derecho (TSVD) brinda información hemodinámica para el diagnóstico diferencial de cardiopatías. El perfil del flujo aporta datos de velocidad punta, tiempo, dirección y determinación anatómica o funcional de distintas alteraciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el patrón doppler espectral del TSVD para contribuir al diagnóstico diferencial de cardiopatías y trastornos hemodinámicos en animales de compañía. El trazado espectral eyectivo normal muestra perfil simétrico, punta redondeada y velocidad punta inferior a 1.81 m/s (Tipo I). La hipertensión pulmonar, a consecuencia del aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar, puede presentar perfil de daga, asimétrico y velocidad punta que se alcanza dentro del primer tercio del trazado (Tipo II). La presencia de melladura en el tercio final de la curva de desaceleración define al perfil como de Tipo III. En los procesos estenóticos la velocidad punta e integral velocidad tiempo, superan el rango normal y permiten determinar la gravedad. La estenosis fija pulmonar presenta perfil simétrico y alta velocidad (&gt; a 1.81 m/s). En obstrucciones dinámicas, el perfil es invertido, alcanzándose la velocidad máxima al final de la curva de aceleración. En la persistencia del conducto arterioso persistente, el perfil es continuo. Se observan flujos positivos y negativos, sistodiastólicos, a lo largo de todo el trazado. Los hallazgos de exploración doppler espectral, mediante el análisis del perfil de flujo del TSVD, permiten diferenciar procesos patológicos cardíacos, así como determinar su gravedad, colaborando de una manera rápida en el diagnóstico diferencial.A análise espectral Doppler do trato de saída ventricular direita (TSVD) fornece informações hemodinâmicas para o diagnóstico diferencial de cardiopatias. O perfil do fluxo proporciona dados de velocidade máxima, tempo, direção e determinação anatômica ou funcional de diferentes alterações. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o padrão espectral doppler do TSVD para contribuir ao diagnóstico diferencial de doenças cardíacas e distúrbios hemodinâmicos em animais domésticos. O caminho espectral ejetivo normal mostra perfil simétrico, ponta arredondada e velocidade máxima inferior a 1,81 m/s (Tipo I).A hipertensão pulmonar, como consequência do aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar, pode apresentar perfil de punhal, assimétrico e velocidade máxima alcançada dentro do primeiro terço do caminho (Tipo II). A presença de falha no terço final da curva de desaceleração define o perfil como Tipo III. Nos processos estenótipos a velocidade máxima e o tempo de velocidade integral, superam a faixa normal e permitem determinar a gravidade. A estenose pulmonar fixa apresenta perfil simétrico e alta velocidade (&gt; a 1,81 m/s). Em obstruções dinâmicas, o perfil é invertido, atingindo a velocidade máxima no final da curva de aceleração. Na persistência do canal arterial, o perfil é contínuo. Fluxos sistodiastólicos positivos e negativos são observados ao longo de todo o caminho. Os achados de exploração doppler espectral, mediante a análise do perfil de fluxo do TSVD, permitem diferenciar processos patológicos cardíacos, bem como determinar sua gravidade,colaborando de forma rápida no diagnóstico diferencial

Cluster-Cluster Lensing and the Case of Abell 383

Extensive surveys of galaxy clusters motivate us to assess the likelihood of cluster-cluster lensing (CCL), namely, gravitational-lensing of a background cluster by a foreground cluster. We briefly describe the characteristics of CCLs in optical, X-ray and SZ measurements, and calculate their predicted numbers for $\Lambda$CDM parameters and a viable range of cluster mass functions and their uncertainties. The predicted number of CCLs in the strong-lensing regime varies from several ($<10$) to as high as a few dozen, depending mainly on whether lensing triaxiality bias is accounted for, through the c-M relation. A much larger number is predicted when taking into account also CCL in the weak-lensing regime. In addition to few previously suggested CCLs, we report a detection of a possible CCL in A383, where background candidate high-$z$ structures are magnified, as seen in deep Subaru observations.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, submitted to MNRA

The Projected Dark and Baryonic Ellipsoidal Structure of 20 CLASH Galaxy Clusters

We reconstruct the two-dimensional (2D) matter distributions in 20 high-mass galaxy clusters selected from the CLASH survey by using the new approach of performing a joint weak gravitational lensing analysis of 2D shear and azimuthally averaged magnification measurements. This combination allows for a complete analysis of the field, effectively breaking the mass-sheet degeneracy. In a Bayesian framework, we simultaneously constrain the mass profile and morphology of each individual cluster, assuming an elliptical Navarro-Frenk-White halo characterized by the mass, concentration, projected axis ratio, and position angle (PA) of the projected major axis. We find that spherical mass estimates of the clusters from azimuthally averaged weak-lensing measurements in previous work are in excellent agreement with our results from a full 2D analysis. Combining all 20 clusters in our sample, we detect the elliptical shape of weak-lensing halos at the 5σ significance level within a scale of 2 Mpc h. The median projected axis ratio is 0.67 ± 0.07 at a virial mass of M = (15.2 ± 2.8) × 10 M, which is in agreement with theoretical predictions from recent numerical simulations of the standard collisionless cold dark matter model. We also study misalignment statistics of the brightest cluster galaxy, X-ray, thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, and strong-lensing morphologies with respect to the weak-lensing signal. Among the three baryonic tracers studied here, we find that the X-ray morphology is best aligned with the weak-lensing mass distribution, with a median misalignment angle of |ΔPA| = 21° ± 7°. We also conduct a stacked quadrupole shear analysis of the 20 clusters assuming that the X-ray major axis is aligned with that of the projected mass distribution. This yields a consistent axis ratio of 0.67 ± 0.10, suggesting again a tight alignment between the intracluster gas and dark matter. © 2018. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.This work was made possible by the availability of high-quality weak-lensing data produced by the CLASH survey. We are grateful to the CLASH team who enabled us to carry out this work. We thank the anonymous referee for constructive suggestions and comments. We thank Masamune Oguri for making his simulated Subaru Suprime-Cam observations available to us. K.U. acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grants MOST 103-2112-M-001-030-MY3 and MOST 106-2628-M-001-003-MY3) and from the Academia Sinica Investigator Award. M.S. and S.E. acknowledge financial support from the contracts ASI-INAF I/009/10/0, NARO15 ASI-INAF I/037/12/0, ASI 2015-046-R.0 and ASI-INAF n.2017-14-H.0. Support for D.G. was provided by NASA through Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship grant number PF5-160138 awarded by the Chandra X-ray Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for NASA under contract NAS8-03060. T.O. acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under the grant MOST 106-2119-M-001-031-MY3. M.M., M.S., S.E., and J.S. acknowledge support from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Directorate General for Country Promotion (Project "Crack the lens"). J.S. was supported by NSF/AST-1617022

A Complete Skull of an Early Cretaceous Sauropod and the Evolution of Advanced Titanosaurians

Advanced titanosaurian sauropods, such as nemegtosaurids and saltasaurids, were diverse and one of the most important groups of herbivores in the terrestrial biotas of the Late Cretaceous. However, little is known about their rise and diversification prior to the Late Cretaceous. Furthermore, the evolution of their highly-modified skull anatomy has been largely hindered by the scarcity of well-preserved cranial remains. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil represents the earliest advanced titanosaurian known to date, demonstrating that the initial diversification of advanced titanosaurians was well under way at least 30 million years before their known radiation in the latest Cretaceous. The new taxon also preserves the most complete skull among titanosaurians, further revealing that their low and elongated diplodocid-like skull morphology appeared much earlier than previously thought