The semantics of the lexeme «one»

У статті вивчається феномен заміни в англійській мові та проводиться комплексний аналіз слова-замінника «one». Визначено семантичні, граматичні та функціональні особливості цієї одиниці мови. Досліджено частоту вживання лексеми «one» в англійському художньому тексті. На прикладах з англійської художньої літератури проаналізовано функції, які виконує лексема «one», а саме функції: підмета, іменної частини присудка, додатка, означення. Зазначено, що денумератив «one» може використовуватися у реченні як іменник, займенник або як слово-замінник. Лексема «one» відіграє важливу роль у системі мови, де вона відрізняється великою частотою вживання та полі функціональністю. Лексема «one» має великий видільний потенціал та може виражати невизначеність. Автором доведено на конкретних прикладах, що слово-замінник «one» має свої граматичні, лексичні особливості та певні функції, а саме виявлено закономірності, які полягають у вживанні стосовно, як живих істот, так і неживих істот; виконуванні функції іменника у множині при використанні форми «ones». Автором підкреслено, що значення одиничності об’єктів є основним компонентом семантики лексеми «one». Об’єкти, які позначаються цією лексемою є протиставними до множинності. Доведено, що лексема «one» є однією з найважливіших мовних одиниць англійської мови. (The article deals with the studying of the phenomenon of substitution in the English language and the complex analysis of the substitution word «one». The semantic, grammatical and functional peculiarities of this speech unit are determined. The frequency of the use of the lexeme «one» in the English fictional text is studied. On the examples of English fiction literature such functions of the word «one» like subject, nominal part of the predicate, object, attribute have been determined. It has been noticed that as the notional word denumerative «one» has been used as a noun, pronoun and the substitution words. The lexeme «one» plays an important role in the language system and it is determined by a high frequency of using and polyfunctionality. Lexeme «one» has the great identifying potential and it may express the uncertainty. The author has proved on the examples that the substitution word «one» has its grammatical and lexical peculiarities and functions. It is used as well as towards living beings as inanimate objects; it may take the position of a noun in plural where the form «ones» is used The author has disclosed the aspect that the meaning of the singleness of the objects is the basis component of the semantics of other meanings of the lexeme «one». The objects that are determined by this lexeme are always opposed to multiplicity. It has been proved that the lexeme «one» is one of the most important speech units in the English language.

Вплив COVID-19 на статус трудових мігрантів: міжнародно-правовий досвід

Пандемія COVID-19 серйозно обмежила міжнародну міграцію через закриття кордонів та змусила мільйони людей повернутися додому на батьківщину. Жорсткі заходи, вжиті країнами світу щодо недопущення поширення пандемії COVID-19, спровокували сильну кризу у світовій економіці та зачепили всі сфери повсякденного життя людей незалежно від їх соціального стану та статусу. Основні обмеження торкнулися міграційної мобільності та політики у зв'язку з тим, що головною метою держав стала мінімізація особистих контактів населення для контролю за подальшим поширенням вірусу через закриття кордонів та зупинення або скорочення перевезень усіма видами транспорту. Ці дії призвели до істотних змін світових міграційних процесів, оскільки багато країн закрили свої кордони без можливості для мігрантів та свого населення виїхати з них або повернутися до себе на батьківщину. Недієвість багатьох сфер економіки, де працювали мігранти, призвів до масових звільнень і, як наслідок, до нестачі коштів як на повернення додому, так і на проживання в країні пребування. Криза пандемії COVID-19 підкреслила вирішальну роль, яку відіграє соціальний захист у подоланні серйозних суспільних та економічних криз, а також важливість запровадження мінімального рівня соціального захисту для всіх, включаючи трудових мігрантів. Пандемія та її економічні ефекти несуть ризики стигматизації і дискримінації щодо трудових мігрантів як у країнах призначення, так і в країнах походження. Країни повинні здійснювати системний моніторинг щодо випадків дискримінації та мови ненависті щодо трудових мігрантів. Уряди країн також мають подбати про системне інформування громадян про позитивні аспекти трудової міграції. Для країн це може бути підкреслення ролі трудових мігрантів у критично важливих сферах, таких як аграрна промисловість, логістика, транспорт, медицина, критичні послуги

Что такое Рунглиш?

Статья посвящена определению, статусу и функции русско-английского языка (рунглиш). В работе выявлено, что рунглиш встречается как в повседневном общении молодежи, так и в профессиональной коммуникации. В заключении подчеркивается, что хотя рунглиш и не является самостоятельным языком, данный феномен значительно ускоряет профессиональную коммуникацию, маркирует статус, вкус, образование говорящего.The article focuses on the definition, the status and the function of the Russian English (Runglish). The paper states that Runglish can be found in everyday talk of young people as well as professional communication. The article concludes with the idea that Runglish is not a separate language, though its usage greatly facilitates and speeds up professional communication, marks status, taste, education

Impact of hydrotechnical construction on aquatic ecosystems of the Kiliia branch of the Danube Delta

Resumption of shipping in the Bystryi branch in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, one of the largest aquatic-wetland areas of Europe and the world, has made it necessary to control the anthropogenic impact on the neighboring water areas of the Danube Biosphere Reserve. The objective of the study was comparing the compositions and structure of phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and ichthyofauna of the mouth area of the Bystryi branch with such communities of the mouths of the branches Vostochnyi, Tsyhanka and Starostambulskyi, which are situated in the protected zone and characterized by limited anthropogenic activity. We also determined the correspondence of the descriptors of biotic groups to the categories of the ecological status according to the Water Framework Directive of the EU. The studies were performed in the autumn and summer periods in 2020–2021. We recorded 367 species of animals and plants, the richest biodiversity was seen for the biota of the Bystryi branch – 250 species, and 180–231 species of hydrobionts were found in the undisturbed mouths. We determined 25.3% of shared species for the water areas, and therefore high values of similarity of the species compositions according to Bray-Curtis (47.5% to 81.5%). We determined no significant differences between the groups of the mouths of the examined branches according to most indicators of taxonomic and ecological structure. As the descriptors of ecological status, we chose assemblage indices of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, which are based on ratios of biomass of functional groups of algae, and also the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers, saprobic index of Zelinka & Marvan and Biological Monitoring Working Party Index of Benthic Invertebrates and Representation of Species of Ichthyfauna according to vulnerability to actions of environmental factors. We determined that the range of descriptors of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos corresponded to the “high” ecological status category, such of macrophytes and benthic invertebrates to “good”, and such of ichthyofauna varied “high” to “good”. In general, all the mouth areas were characterized by “good” ecological status. Similarities of the species composition and the structure of biotic communities of the mouths of the studied branches of the delta indicate the absence of negative impact of the deepwater shipping on adjacent ecosystems, which may be related to the peculiarities of reactions of groups in the water areas with natural stress, as well as local impact of the hydrotechnical construction

Biochemical markers of vital biodestruction in common oak (Quercus robur)

The wood of the common oak (Quercus robur L.) has high mechanical strength, elasticity and resistance to fracture. However, constitutional stability is not always able to provide the plants with reliable protection from wood-decay fungi, and the initial stages of biodegradation are difficult to determine. Therefore, this study concerns research on appropriate biochemical markers for early diagnostics of wood defects. The total content of phenolic compounds in leaves and wood was determined by a spectrophotometer Optizen Pop using Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent; the flavonoid content in leaves – by adding solutions of aluminum chloride and sodium acetate to methanolic extracts; catechins content – by the reaction with vanillin reagent; the concentration of phenolic antioxidants – by Brand Williams; chlorophyll and carotenoids’ contents in leaves – by the formula for methanol extracts; the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds – by high performance liquid chromatography and highly effective thin-layer chromatography. During the planned felling of oak trees on the territory of the Boyar Forest Research Station, trees were found with signs of brown streak and biodestruction of wood. Brown streak in wood is caused by a polycondensation of phenolic compounds, which are deposited on the internal surfaces of tracheal elements. In cases of an increase in the total amount of oxidized polyphenols, the cell walls are also stained. Active oxidation processes in wood have a systemic nature for the plants and affect the physiological state of the assimilation apparatus. We determined that in leaves of the trees with signs of brown streak the total phenol content increases in comparison with the control by 1.6 times, as well as flavonoid and catechin content. Our research has shown that the complex of plastid pigments in common oak leaves does not significantly change in the early stages of destructive processes. Increase of brown streak and appearance of rot in wood are associated with slight increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio in leaves. Chromatographic profiling of the leaves showed that the presence of brown streak changes the content of individual phenolic compounds. The trees with brown rot have more substances with UV spectrum characteristic for kaempferol glycosides compared to the control. The results have shown that the biochemical profiles of the trees with signs of brown streak and brown rot differ from the control by the composition of low and medium polar compounds. The absence or presence of some individual phenolic components and their ratio in the leaves are considered as biochemical markers of hidden wood defects

Method of gas flows calculation in solid propellant rocket engines taking into account the combustion of solid fuel charge

The paper presents a method for calculating the local and integral characteristics of the flow in the axisymmetric gas-dynamic paths of solid propellant rocket motors, taking into account the combustion of a charge of solid fuel. The numerical method of calculation is based on the use of the Godunov scheme, formulated for moving computational grids. The speed of movement of the combustion surface is defined locally on the edge of each calculation boundary cell. This approach allows us to take into account the uneven distribution of the pressure of the combustion products in the free volume of the combustion chamber. In test calculations, the power law of burning rate is used. Calculations of the gas flow in the solid propellant combustion chamber with cylindrical charge of solid fuel are carried out. Unsteady pressure curve in the combustion chamber is obtained. The method allows to determine all integral characteristics of the developed solid propellant rocket motors as a function of the engine running tim

Targeted and Effective Use of State and Non-State Social Funds

Today, Ukraine is at the stage of forming a social and civil society. The main direction of state activity in the field of reforming Ukraine is the study, analysis and reform of the existing system of social services. The purpose of the study is to substantiate and summarise the main directions for the development of the system of financing social protection; to consider concepts such as “social protection”, “social insurance” and “social assistance”. To form and generalise knowledge about the existing system of financial and legal relations between the state and the population. To reveal the peculiarities of financing and directions of budget use in state and non-state social funds in a market economy. During the writing of the article, specific and general scientific methods of cognition were used to study and analyse the proposed topic. The method of generalisation, synthesis and analysis, observation, comparison and the method of scientific abstraction were used to evaluate and study the system of social funds in Ukraine. The system of social services in Ukraine was analysed. The existing system was analysed, weak points were revealed. Information on the foreign experience of developed countries in the field of providing social services to the population was considered. The current normative legal acts and laws were considered. Recommendations for the introduction of foreign experience in the existing system of social services have been developed. The study and analysis of the financing and functioning of the system of social protection and assistance to citizens provide an opportunity to understand how effectively it works. Assessing the effectiveness of state and non-state social funds should help identify weaknesses in the system and suggest a number of actions to improve their performance

Street-based adolescents at high risk of HIV in Ukraine

BACKGROUND: Ukraine has the highest HIV prevalence in Europe, with young people disproportionately represented among populations at high risk. One particularly vulnerable group comprises adolescents who live or work on the streets. This study aimed to measure the extent and distribution of HIV risk behaviours among street-based adolescents in four Ukrainian cities as part of a regional UNICEF HIV prevention programme for most-at-risk adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional behavioural survey was conducted of 805 adolescents (aged 10-19 years) in the cities of Kiev, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk and Nikolaev. Using location-based network and convenience sampling, 200 adolescents were reached in each site and were administered a standardised questionnaire on drug use, sexual behaviour, condom use, HIV knowledge, access to prevention services, experience of violence and contact with state institutions and police. RESULTS: Considerable levels of HIV risk behaviour were found, including injecting drug use among 15.5% of the sample. Almost three-quarters of adolescents had experienced sexual debut, most before the age of 15 years. Male-to-male sexual behaviour was reported by just under 10% of boys. Condom use was low although varied by partner type. There were high rates of forced sex, and 75.5% of respondents reported police harassment. CONCLUSIONS: Street-based adolescents in Ukraine are at significant risk of contracting HIV due to involvement in injecting drug use and unprotected sex in personal and commercial exchanges, including male-to-male sex. This group initiates risk behaviours at early ages, and does not appear to have good access to prevention and other health services

Formación de la interacción social competencia de futuros especialistas del ámbito gerencial

Trends in the economic situation development in the Russian Federation determine the basic requirements for graduates of Russian universities in the direction of “management” training, whose professional competence depends directly on the level of mastering communication skills and social interaction skills. The social interaction competence for managers is the key one in the formation of professional competencies and affects the decision-making of many professional tasks. The social interaction competence plays an important role in the management personnel training because they have a need for constant interaction with people, staff and clients. Lack of social interaction competence can lead to failures in professional activities. Thus, the bachelor of management should have not only knowledge in the professional sphere, but also be able to interact with various specialists, clients, and partners, carrying out high-level social communication that can affect effectively the result of professional activity.Las tendencias en el desarrollo de la situación económica en la Federación de Rusia determinan los requisitos básicos para los graduados de las universidades rusas en la dirección de la formación de “gestión”, cuya competencia profesional depende directamente del nivel de dominio de las habilidades de comunicación y de interacción social. La competencia de interacción social para los gerentes es la clave en la formación de competencias profesionales y afecta la toma de decisiones de muchas tareas profesionales. La competencia de interacción social juega un papel importante en la capacitación del personal de gestión, ya que tienen una necesidad de interacción constante con las personas, el personal y los clientes. La falta de competencia de interacción social puede conducir a fallas en las actividades profesionales. Por lo tanto, el licenciado en administración debe tener no solo conocimiento en el ámbito profesional, sino también poder interactuar con varios especialistas, clientes y socios, llevando a cabo una comunicación social de alto nivel que pueda afectar de manera efectiva el resultado de la actividad profesional