January 1958

My dear Brother: It does not require a great stretch of the imagination for me to hear you mutter: Didn\u27t I get one of these yellow sheets only a month ago? Why doesn\u27t he get back to work instead of cluttering up my mail? Well, thereby hangs a tale. A few weeks ago I spent an illuminating, and somewhat dismaying, evening with brother Theophilus in the Middle West. He has a good congregation of about five hundred members. It is an average parish, with the usual complement of saints and sinners, with the lines between them shifting back and forth. Theophilus has worked hard and the Lord of the Church has blessed his hands and his voice

FİZİK ÖĞRETMEN ADAYLARININ GÖLGE KONUSUNDAKİ ZİHİNSEL MODELLERİ

Students' mistaken views about explaining the behavior of light due to shadow events based on the ray model are often emphasized by many studies in the related literature. There are also some studies showing that even students at university level have similar misconceptions including the prospective physics teachers. Considering these, we firstly find out the mental models of 20 prospective physics teachers regarding the ray model of light by using 4 openended questions. Afterwards, the prospective physics teachers were given experimental work sheets using the ray model of the light during a 3 week period followed by the same open-ended questions as post test. The worksheets were examined to observe some changes in mental models of prospective physics teachers. The results show that students' mental models about shadow are mainly depend on the shape of the mask (or object) rather than the direction of the light. Besides, at the end of the instruction the students still had some wrong mental models they had before the instruction.ÖZET : Alan yazınında pek çok çalışmada öğrencilerin ışın modeline dayalı gölge olaylarını çizme konusunda hatalı görüşlere sahip olduklarına vurgu yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı çalışmalarda da, aralarında fizik öğretmen adaylarının da bulunduğu üniversite düzeyinde öğrencilerin bile bu türden yanılgılara sahip olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bunları göz önünde bulundurarak, öncelikle ışığın ışın modeliyle ilgili olarak 4 açık uçlu soru yardımıyla 20 fizik öğretmen adayının zihinsel modelleri belirlenmiştir. Ardından, 3 haftalık bir sürede fizik öğretmen adaylarına deneysel çalışma yaprakları uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonunda başlangıçta kullanılan açık uçlu sorular son test olarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışma yaprakları, öğretmen adaylarının zihinsel modellerinde meydana gelen değişimi gözlemlemek üzere incelenmiştir. Sonuçta, öğrencilerin gölge ile ilgili zihinsel modellerini ışığın doğrultusunu gözeterek oluşturmak yerine cismin şekline göre oluşturdukları görülmüştür. Bunun yanında, uygulama sonrasında öğrencilerin başlangıçtaki hatalı zihinsel modellerinden bazılarına hala sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir

Central sensitization in urogynecological chronic pelvic pain : a systematic literature review

Background: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a complex pain syndrome. Since its pathogenesis is still poorly understood and structural alterations in pain related brain regions may be present, there is a greater acceptance that sensitization of the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of chronicity. Objective: The purpose of this study is to systematically review the scientific evidence regarding central sensitization (CS) in female patients with urogynecological CPP. Study Design: Systematic review of the literature. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science using different keyword combinations related to urogynecological CPP and central sensitization. Full text clinical reports addressing CS in adult women with urogynecological CPP were included and assessed for methodological quality by 2 independent reviewers. Results: After screening for the eligibility, a total of 29 full-text articles with low to good methodological quality were retained. All studies were observational, 27 of which were case-control and 2 of which were cohorts. Sensitivity of the CNS was investigated by using a variety of methods. Although different central mechanisms seem to be involved in pain processing, the present evidence suggests hyperexcitability of the CNS in patients with urogynecological CPP. Altered brain morphology and function, generalized hyperalgesia to different type of stimuli, overactive bottom-up nociceptive mechanisms, and autonomic dysregulation were established in patients with urogynecological CPP. Nevertheless, diffuse noxious inhibitory control seemed normal, and therefore the contribution of an impaired endogenous pain inhibition mechanism to CPP requires further study. The same goes for the contribution of psychological factors. Limitations: The level of evidence of retained studies is low due to the observational study designs and a wide range of diagnoses and assessment methods. Conclusion: Although the majority of the literature provides evidence for the presence of CS in urogynecological CPP with changes in brain morphology/function and sensory function, it is unclear whether these changes in central pain processing are secondary or primary to CPP, especially since evidence regarding the function of endogenous pain inhibition and the role of psychosocial pain facilitation is scarce. Further studies with good methodological quality are needed in order to clarify exact mechanisms

EARLY CHILDHOOD SCIENCE EDUCATION TRENDS IN TURKEY: WHERE FROM? WHERE TO?

The current study intends to review both all empirical and theoretical research for understanding and discussing the trend in early childhood science education in Turkey. A summative content analysis was conducted with a total of 136 studies including 69 graduate theses (master thesis and dissertations) and 67 journal articles published from 1999 (the beginning) to the mid-2017. Data were extracted from the full-text of articles and the theses by visiting the websites of the journals and the related databases. The search keywords mainly included the terms: early childhood, preschool, science. The studies were analyzed in terms of publication year, author collaboration, research topics, research methods, and target population. The results revealed that the number of graduate theses and articles in the field of early childhood science is continuously growing. It was identified that collaborative research efforts in early childhood science education was a leading design on the published work. Results determined that a vast majority of the papers used quantitative research methods, mainly conducting surveys and using experimental design. Children, early childhood teachers and prospective teachers were the most common study subjects in the selected papers. The research topics of environmental education, scientific process skills, teaching methods, attitudes and behaviour were received relatively more attention among researchers

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20

WOS: 000306431100023PubMed ID: 22456806The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20). One hundred and twenty-eight women with pelvic floor disorders, including pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and anal incontinence were enrolled in the study. The Turkish version was developed using forward back translation. Construct validity was examined by correlation of clinical methods. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) compared the PFDI-20 and subscale scores. Cronbach's alpha assessed the internal consistency of the Turkish version. The PFDI-20 has three subscales. The test-retest reliability of the PFDI-20 and subscale was excellent (ICC 0.96 to 0.98, p < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha value (0.79) was moderate for the PFDI-20. Construct validity demonstrated that the PFDI-20 and each subscale displayed significant correlation with other clinical methods used (p < 0.05). The PFDI-20 is a valid and reliable condition-specific questionnaire for Turkish women with pelvic floor disorders

INVESTIGATION OF TEACHER VIEWS ON THE SCIENCE TEACHERS'APTITUDE CRITERIA AND INDICATORS REGARDING SOME VARIABLES

Bu çalışmanın amacı ilköğretim ve ortaöğretimde görev yapan fen ve fen bilimleri öğretmenlerinin mesleki yeterliliklerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak "Fen Bilimleri Öğretmenlerinin Yeterlik Ölçütleri ve Göstergeleri Ölçeği" ile kişisel bilgiler anketi kullanılmış ve İzmir ilinde görev yapan 437 öğretmene uygulanmıştır. Bunun yanında 26 öğretmene yöneltilen 6 (altı) açık uçlu soru yardımıyla ek veriler toplanmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde nicel ve nitel veri çözümleme tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; öğretmenlerimizin ilköğretim ya da ortaöğretimde görev yapıyor olmalarına, öğretmenlik yaptıkları alanlara, hizmet sürelerine ve hizmetiçi eğitim almalarına göre görüşlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuş ve sonuçlar tartışılarak birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur.ABSTRACT : In this research, the carrier aptitudes of science teachers working in the primary and secondary schools are investigated related to some variables. Data were collected through "Scale of Science Teachers Aptitude Criteria and Indicators" and demographic information questionnaire which are applied to the 437 teachers working in İzmir. Beside this, additional data were collected through six open ended questions applied to the 26 teachers. In this research, quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were used. Finally, it was found that there were meaningful differences in terms of some variables (working in the primary and secondary scholls, teaching branches, employment time, attending in-service training program). Results were discussed and some suggestions were made

Çocuklarda bir yıllık valproat tedavisi kemik mineral dansitesini azaltıyor mu?

Amaç: Epilepsi uzun sureli antiepileptik tedavi gerektiren kronik bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, en sık kullanılan antiepileptik ilaç olan valproatın kemik mineral metabolizmasına olan yan etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Hastalar ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma epilepsi veya febril konvulziyon profilaksisi amacıyla valproat başlanan 61 hastada (38 kız, 28 erkek; ort. yaş 81.2±44.5 ay; dağılım 12-168 ay) yapıldı. Bütün olgularda valproat tedavisi öncesinde ve 12 ay sonrasında, kemik mineral metabolizmasındaki bozukluklar açısından kemik mineral dansitesi ve biyokimyasal parametrelere bakıldı. Bulgular: Bir yıllık valporat tedavisi sonrasında kemik mineralizasyon bozukluğunu gösterebilecek kalsiyum, fosfor, alkalen fosfatazda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. İki hastada (%3.3) osteoporoz tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Valproatın kemik mineral metabolizması üzerine yan etkileri tartışmalıdır. Osteopeni belirtilerini değerlendirmek için, kemik biyokimyası, 25-hidroksi D vitamini, hormonal parametreler ve kemik mineral dansitesinin tek başlarına değerlendirilmesi yetersizdir, mutlaka bu parametreler birlikte değerlendirilmelidir. Biyokimyasal parametreler bozulmadan, kemik mineral dansitesi değişiklikleri olacağından, valproat tedavisi alan hastalarda yıllık kemik mineral dansitesi ölçümleri yapılmalıdır.Objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic disease that requires long-term antiepileptic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the side effects of valproate, the most commonly used antiepileptic, on bone mineral metabolism. Patients and Methods: The study comprised of 61 patients (38 girls, 28 boys; mean age 81.2&plusmn;44.5 months; range 12 to 168 months) who received valproate because of epilepsy or prophylaxis of febrile seizures. All cases were evaluated in terms of bone mineral metabolism disturbances by assessing bone mineral density and biochemistry parameters, before and after 12 months of valproate therapy. Results: At the end of one year of valproate therapy, there were no statistically significant differences in calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels that might show bone mineralization disturbance. Osteoporosis was recorded in two cases (3.3%). Conclusion: The side effects of valproate on bone mineral metabolism are usually contradictory. In order to determine osteopenia signs; bone biochemistry, 25- OH vitamin D3, hormonal parameters and bone mineral density, which are not enough for evaluation alone, have to be evaluated together. Patients taking valproate therapy should have bone mineral density measurements yearly, because mineral changes in bone (defeats) could not be predicted with these biochemical parameters beforehand