Biopolítica y gubernamentalidad en el Wallmapu (Araucanía) desde el nivel del sujeto. Manuel Manquilef y la "Jimnasia Nacional" en los albores del siglo XX

El artículo fue financiado por el proyecto “Enseñanza del Tema Ocupación de la Araucanía: hacia un modelo de formación basado en el Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido”, vinculado al Programa de Pedagogía en Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Católica de Temuco (Proyecto Interno UCT1312)En el presente artículo se indaga sobre la perspectiva desarrollada por Manuel Manquilef, a principios del siglo XX, respecto de los juegos, bailes y ejercicios domésticos y guerreros que practicaban los mapuches. Este profesor normalista de ascendencia mapuche valorizó el rescate de dichas prácticas físicas, en cuanto fundamentos del alma de un pueblo que era necesario preservar. El marco teórico se establece desde las nociones de verdad, sujeto, gubernamentalidad y biopolítica, definidas por Michel Foucault, articulado con una aproximación desde el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS). Consecuentemente, la metodología articula un diseño descriptivo denso con estructuras reticulares de carácter egocentrado, generadas con herramientas provenientes del ARS. A partir de este entramado teórico-metodológico, se levanta un análisis frontal que intenta tensionar la relación entre discurso y sujeto. Específicamente, los márgenes disponibles de libertad en la intrincada trama de saber-poder desplegada en la sociedad chilena a principios del siglo XX. Trama en la que se insertó Manquilef oriundo del territorio del Wallmapu (Araucanía), por entonces, recientemente anexado al Estado chileno. Se concluye que las ideas de Manquilef, al margen de sus intenciones, resultaron funcionales a la acción asimiladora impulsada por la gubernamentalidad chilena en la Araucanía poco después de concretada su ocupación.This article examines the perspective developed by Manuel Manquilef at the beginning of the 20th century regarding the games, dances and domestic and martial exercises practised by the Mapuches. This school teacher, of Mapuche origin, valued the rescuing of these physical practices that represented an essential part of the soul of a people as something that was necessary to preserve. The theoretical framework is established embracing the notions of truth, subject, governance and biopolitics defined by Michel Foucault, articulated with an approach stemming from the Analysis of Social Networks (ASN). Consequently, the methodology encompasses a dense descriptive design with ego-centred reticular structures, based on tools provided by the ASN. On the basis of this theoretical-methodological network, there emerges a frontal analysis aimed at straining the relationship between discourse and subject, and more specifically the available margins of freedom in the intricate fabric of knowledge-power displayed in Chilean society at the beginning of the 20th century. Into this weave, Manquilef, native to the Wallmapu territory (Araucanía) at that time and which was subsequently annexed to the Chilean state, became immersed. The conclusion reached is that Manquilef’s ideas, whatever his intentions may have been, proved to be functional to the process of assimilation spurred by the Chilean governance in Araucanía shortly after its effective occupation

Representações sociais sobre personagens históricos relevantes em futuros professores chilenos de história

El artículo analiza las representaciones de un grupo de estudiantes respecto a los personajes que consideran más relevantes en la historia mundial y la de su propio país. La muestra incluyó alumnos de primer año de pedagogía en historia, geografía y ciencias sociales (n=35; edad=19,97), de una universidad localizada en La Araucanía, Chile. El estudio siguió un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, organizado bajo un diseño básico de estudio de caso. Se utilizó el método de redes semánticas naturales y el análisis de contenido de cuestionarios de respuesta abierta. Los resultados evidencian representaciones con un marcado carácter eurocéntrico y androcéntrico, junto a otras que cuestionan el orden imperante. Se discuten sus implicancias para la formación docente inicial

First-In-Human Phase I Study of a Next-Generation, Oral, TGFβ Receptor 1 Inhibitor, LY3200882, in Patients with Advanced Cancer

Càncer avançat; Factor de creixement transformador betaAdvanced Cancer; Transforming Growth Factor betaCáncer avanzado; Factor de crecimiento transformador betaPurpose: A novel, selective, next-generation transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor type-1 small molecule inhibitor, LY3200882, demonstrated promising preclinical data. This first-in-human trial evaluated safety, tolerability, recommended phase II dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity of LY3200882 as monotherapy or with other anticancer agents in patients with advanced cancer. Patients and Methods: This phase I multicenter study of oral LY3200882 (NCT02937272) comprised dose escalation, monotherapy expansion in grade 4 glioma, and combination therapy in solid tumors (LY3200882 and PD-L1 inhibitor LY3300054), pancreatic cancer (LY3200882, gemcitabine, and nab-paclitaxel), and head and neck squamous cell cancer (LY3200882, cisplatin, and radiation). Results: Overall, 139 patients with advanced cancer were treated. The majority (93.5%) of patients experienced ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE), with 39.6% LY3200882-related. Grade 3 LY3200882-related toxicities were only observed in combination therapy arms. One patient in the pancreatic cancer arm experienced cardiovascular toxicity. The LY3200882 monotherapy RP2Ds were established in two schedules: 50 mg twice a day 2-weeks-on/2-weeks-off and 35 mg twice a day 3-weeks-on/1-week-off. Four patients with grade 4 glioma had durable Revised Assessment in Neuro Oncology (RANO) partial responses (PR) with LY3200882 monotherapy (n = 3) or LY3200882-LY3300054 combination therapy (n = 1). In treatment-naïve patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, 6 of 12 patients achieved Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 PR and 3 of 12 patients demonstrated stable disease, for an overall 75% disease-control rate with the combination of LY3200882, gemcitabine, and nab-paclitaxel. Conclusions: LY3200882 as monotherapy and combination therapy was safe and well tolerated with preliminary antitumor activity observed in pancreatic cancer. Further studies to evaluate the efficacy of LY3200882 with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in advanced pancreatic cancer are warranted

Proposal of Two Measures of Complexity Based on Lempel-Ziv for Dynamic Systems: An Application for Manufacturing Systems

The measure of complexity of Lempel-Ziv (LZC) is used for the analysis of time series generated by dynamic systems with the objective of determining its complexity. This work measures LZC of different series coming from periodic functions, probabilistic functions, and chaotic systems. Later, these metrics of complexity are applied to the average of the number of parts in the waiting line in a manufacturing workshop. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the LZC to establish the level of the dynamic behavior of the manufacturing systems, through the time series

The monocultural school in Araucanía, 1883-1910: Power devices and Mapuche society

Este artículo surge de un estudio historiográfico sobre la instalación de la escuela monocultural en la región de la Araucanía, en el sur de Chile entre 1883 y 1910. El objeto es analizar a la escuela como principal dispositivo de poder que permitió legitimar la instalación e implementación del curriculum nacional chileno en territorio mapuche. En esta investigación se piensa que la comprensión de los actuales problemas interculturales que se manifiestan entre los conocimientos mapuche y saberes propios de la sociedad occidental, tienen una explicación en el modo como se instaló y proyectó la escuela en la Araucanía a fines del siglo XIX. Con el análisis teórico documental que se realiza se pretende comprender la dinámica que adquirió la escuela en un diagrama disciplinario de poder-saber que se articuló desde la capital de la República de Chile, para lograr integrar a los mapuches al proyecto Estado-Nación que había sido pensado y soñado por los grupos dirigentes oligárquicos de Chile. Así, en este texto se exponen muestras empíricas de material de archivo que han sido confrontadas con fuentes secundarias que develan la presencia de nuevos actores, tales como inspectores, visitadores de escuelas, profesores, quienes asumieron la misión de concretar el curriculum prescrito republicano en territorio indígena. Fue posible encontrar que durante la instalación de la escuela monocultural a fines del siglo XIX y comienzos de la conmemoración del primer centenario de la Independencia de Chile no hubo contextualización curricular.This article results from a historiographical study about the establishment of a monocultural school in Araucania region, in south Chile, between 1883 and 1910. It aims to analyse the school as the main power device which allowed legitimizing the establishment and implementation of the Chilean national curriculum in Mapuche territory. We argue that the comprehension of the current intercultural problems between the Mapuche knowledge and the knowledge typical of Western society can be explained by how the school was established and projected in Araucania in the late 20th century. By means of a theoretical documentary analysis, we seek to understand the dynamic the school acquired in a disciplinary diagram of knowledge power articulated from the capital of Chile, in order to integrate Mapuche people in the nation-state project which had been conceived and dreamt of by the oligarchical ruling groups in Chile. Thus, in this text we present empirical samples of file material which were confronted with secondary sources, which reveal the presence of new actors, such as school inspectors, school visitors, and teachers, who assumed the mission of implementing the republican curriculum in the indigenous territory. It was possible to find that, during the establishment of the monocultural school in the late 19th century and the beginning of the celebration of the first centenary of the Chilean independence, there was no curriculum contextualization

Preclinical Test of Dacomitinib, an Irreversible EGFR Inhibitor, Confirms Its Effectiveness for Glioblastoma.

Glioblastomas (GBM) are devastating tumors in which there has been little clinical improvement in the last decades. New molecularly directed therapies are under development. EGFR is one of the most promising targets, as this receptor is mutated and/or overexpressed in nearly half of the GBMs. However, the results obtained with first-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitors have been disappointing with no clear predictive markers of tumor response. Here, we have tested the antitumoral efficacy of a second-generation inhibitor, dacomitinib (PF299804, Pfizer), that binds in an irreversible way to the receptor. Our results confirm that dacomitinib has an effect on cell viability, self-renewal, and proliferation in EGFR-amplified ± EGFRvIII GBM cells. Moreover, systemic administration of dacomitinib strongly impaired the in vivo tumor growth rate of these EGFR-amplified cell lines, with a decrease in the expression of stem cell-related markers. However, continuous administration of the compound was required to maintain the antitumor effect. The data presented here confirm that dacomitinib clearly affects receptor signaling in vivo and that its strong antitumoral effect is independent of the presence of mutant receptor isoforms although it could be affected by the PTEN status (as it is less effective in a PTEN-deleted GBM line). Dacomitinib is being tested in second line for EGFR-amplified GBMs. We hope that our results could help to select retrospectively molecular determinants of this response and to implement future trials with dacomitinib (alone or in combination with other inhibitors) in newly diagnosed GBMs.This work was supported by grants from the Fundación Mutua-madrileña (FMM2011/89) to J.M. Sepúlveda and from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS): PI12/00775 to P. Sánchez-Gómez and PI13/01258 to A. Hernández-Laín, and from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cancer (RTICC) (RD12/0036/0027) to J.M. Sepúlveda, P. Sánchez-Gómez, A. Pérez-Núñez and A. Hernández-Laín.S

Systemic Treatment in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor and the initial treatment with maximal safe resection is not curative. In order to improve the prognosis, surgery is completed with radiotherapy and temozolomide, an oral chemotherapy, but overall survival remains poor. Therefore, new efforts are needed to improve these results. In fact, different systemic treatments have been tested but, nevertheless, few advances have been reached despite the development of large clinical trials. This chapter will review the most important findings, achievements, and main studies in this pathology. Standard of care in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma will be reassessed with the results of clinical trials with targeted agents and immunotherapy. Ongoing studies are evaluating advanced treatments, with chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, biospecific T-cell antibodies, tumor vaccines, and oncolytic viruses, although results are pending, a wide review of these new-generation agents is important to better understand the advances in glioblastoma in the coming years

Plataforma Web de Gestión de Actividades de aprendizaje, para soporte del modelo de Aula Invertida en Educación Media

This article presents the SmartFC web platform, a tool aimed at teachers, which supports the implementation of the flipped classroom model even in conditions of low or no connectivity. This proposal introduce the use of open educational resources but also proposes a learning activity to be designed or reused by each teacher under the flipped classroom model, in addition to propitiating the creation of more participative and collaborative classe

BET inhibitor trotabresib in heavily pretreated patients with solid tumors and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

B-cell lymphoma; Cancer therapy; CNS cancerLimfoma de cèl·lules B; Teràpia del càncer; Càncer del SNCLinfoma de células B; Terapia del cáncer; Cáncer del SNCBromodomain and extraterminal proteins (BET) play key roles in regulation of gene expression, and may play a role in cancer-cell proliferation, survival, and oncogenic progression. CC-90010-ST-001 (NCT03220347) is an open-label phase I study of trotabresib, an oral BET inhibitor, in heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors and relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Primary endpoints were the safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose, and RP2D of trotabresib. Secondary endpoints were clinical benefit rate (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR] + stable disease [SD] of ≥4 months’ duration), objective response rate (CR + PR), duration of response or SD, progression-free survival, overall survival, and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of trotabresib. In addition, part C assessed the effects of food on the PK of trotabresib as a secondary endpoint. The dose escalation (part A) showed that trotabresib was well tolerated, had single-agent activity, and determined the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and schedule for the expansion study. Here, we report long-term follow-up results from part A (N = 69) and data from patients treated with the RP2D of 45 mg/day 4 days on/24 days off or an alternate RP2D of 30 mg/day 3 days on/11 days off in the dose-expansion cohorts (parts B [N = 25] and C [N = 41]). Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) are reported in almost all patients. The most common severe TRAEs are hematological. Toxicities are generally manageable, allowing some patients to remain on treatment for ≥2 years, with two patients receiving ≥3 years of treatment. Trotabresib monotherapy shows antitumor activity, with an ORR of 13.0% (95% CI, 2.8–33.6) in patients with R/R DLBCL (part B) and an ORR of 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0–8.6) and a CBR of 31.7% (95% CI, 18.1–48.1) in patients with advanced solid tumors (part C). These results support further investigation of trotabresib in combination with other anticancer agents.This study was sponsored by Celgene, a Bristol Myers Squibb Company. The study sponsor was involved in the study design, analysis of data, and writing the manuscript. Medical writing and editorial assistance were provided by Bernard Kerr, PGDipSci, and Agata Shodeke, of Spark, funded by Bristol Myers Squibb