The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy?

Recent biotechnological advances have permitted the manipulation of genetic sequences to treat several diseases in a process called gene therapy. However, the advance of gene therapy has opened the door to the possibility of using genetic manipulation (GM) to enhance athletic performance. In such ‘gene doping’, exogenous genetic sequences are inserted into a specific tissue, altering cellular gene activity or leading to the expression of a protein product. The exogenous genes most likely to be utilized for gene doping include erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), myostatin antagonists, and endorphin. However, many other genes could also be used, such as those involved in glucose metabolic pathways. Because gene doping would be very difficult to detect, it is inherently very attractive for those involved in sports who are prepared to cheat. Moreover, the field of gene therapy is constantly and rapidly progressing, and this is likely to generate many new possibilities for gene doping. Thus, as part of the general fight against all forms of doping, it will be necessary to develop and continually improve means of detecting exogenous gene sequences (or their products) in athletes. Nevertheless, some bioethicists have argued for a liberal approach to gene doping

Co‐existing monophasic teratoma and uterine adenocarcinoma in a female dog

Ovarian teratomas are occasionally reported in dogs; the rarest type is the monophasic teratoma,composed of tissues originating from only one germ layer. Canine endometrial adenocarcinomas are also rare in dogs and mainly affect geriatric females. This report describes case of co-existing ovarian teratoma and uterine adenocarcinoma in a 10-year old nulliparous female Boxer presented with lethargy, anorexia and purulent vaginal discharge. Abdominal ultrasonography evidenced pyometra and a mass in the left ovary. This was composed of a uniform whitish tissue with multiple cystic structures. The histology revealed an atrophy of the ovarian parenchyma, compressed by a proliferation of well-differentiated nervous tissue staining positively to vimentin, S100 and neuronal specific enolase (NSE), and negatively to keratin and inhibin. The left uterine horn, whose diameter was markedly increased, showed foci of endometrial cellular atypia, evident nucleoli and mitoses, at light microscopy. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a coexisting ovarian monophasic teratoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma, two rare reproductive neoplasia in dogs

Quinoidization of regioregular oligo(THIENO[3,4-b]THIOPHENE)s

Caracterización de oligotiofenosUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

The epidermal ‘excretory’ syncytial plates in species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida): Proposal of a new methodology

The epidermis of temnocephalids is formed by a mosaic of syncytial plates as revealed by electron microscopy and/or 5% silver nitrate impregnation. The variable form and size have been observed but the value of the epidermal ‘excretory’ syncytial plates (EPs) in the identification of Temnocephala species never were proper discuss. Ten species of Temnocephala were studied using images taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), describing a morphometry method to allow the comparison, thus, evaluating the EPs as a specific character in the identification of species of Temnocephala. The measurements (length of the anterior and posterior portions of the plate relative to the excretory pore, width of the internal and external limits, length of the portion exceeding the tentacles, total width, and total length) were obtained using AxioVision® Zeiss LWE 4.7.2 (AVZ) software. The EPs of the species tested were different revealing unique characteristics thus allowing their use as specific characters within Temnocephala. There was a pattern for each host group (Mollusca, Crustacea, Insecta, and Chelonia); the exceptions were the crustacean species and one insect species. The intra-specific variation study in Temnocephala trapeziformis demonstrated that this character varied minimally within the species. The SEM images and the AVZ software measurements were positive for the characterization of species of Temnocephala. The cirrus remained the most important specific character within Temnocephala. The traditional morphometric method was sufficient to demonstrate several specific EP characteristics, but new EPs should always be clearly described and illustrated following the now proposed methodology for Temnocephala species identification.(As placas epidérmicas sinciciais ‘excretoras’ em espécies de Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida): Proposta de uma nova metodologia.) A epiderme dos representantes da ordem Temnocephalida é formada por um mosaico de placas epidérmicas sinciciais evidenciado através da microscopia eletrônica e da impregnação com nitrato de prata 5%. A variação de forma e tamanho do par de sincícios pós-tentaculares, ou ‘placas excretoras’ (PEs), entre as espécies já foram observados, mas o valor das PEs na identificação de espécies de Temnocephala nunca foi adequadamente discutido. Dez espécies de Temnocephala foram analisadas através de imagens obtidas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), descrevendo um método morfométrico que permite a comparação, e avaliação, das PEs como carácter específico. As medidas (comprimento da porção anterior e posterior, largura do limite interno e externo, comprimento da porção da placa acima do limite dos tentáculos, comprimento e largura totais) foram obtidas no programa AxioVision Zeiss LE 4.7.2 (AVZ). As PEs das espécies estudadas diferiram entre si e possuem características únicas que fazem delas bons caracteres diagnósticos específicos. Possuem um padrão por grupo hospedeiro; as exceções são as espécies epibiontes em crustáceos e uma espécie epibionte em insetos. O estudo da variação intraespecífica de Temnocephala trapeziformis mostrou que este caráter tem pouca variação dentro de uma mesma espécie. A visualização das PEs em MEV e as medidas obtidas através do programa AVZ produziram bons resultados na caracterização das espécies. O estudo morfométrico tradicional foi suficiente para evidenciar as características específicas das PEs. Estas devem ser claramente descritas e ilustradas, seguindo a metodologia agora proposta, para permitir a utilização deste caráter diagnóstico na identificação das espécies de Temnocephala

Uma estratégia interativa para a expansão de expressões de busca utilizando vocabulário controlado.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se a evolução do sistema de busca da Agência de Informação Embrapa, a partir de uma estratégia interativa de expansão de expressões de busca. Embora a Agência prime pela oferta de informação altamente qualificada, seus usuários não utilizam todo esse potencial, por desconhecer seus detalhes. A estratégia proposta permite que o usuário especifique sua expressão de busca e o sistema sugira formas de expandi-la, deixando a escolha final para o usuário. Os experimentos realizados foram baseados em possibilidades automaticamente geradas e medidos de forma objetiva, considerando-se a precisão e a cobertura das buscas realizadas. Como esperado, os experimentos mostram que o uso de uma melhor qualificação das expressões permite obter resultados mais precisos e que a evolução da ferramenta atingiu seu objetivo.bitstream/item/56769/1/BolPesq30.pd

Vimentin and Ki-67 immunolabeling in canine gastric carcinomas and their prognostic value

This study evaluated the expression of vimentin and Ki-67 proliferative index (PI) by immunohistochemistry in 30 canine gastric carcinomas (GCs) and a possible association with clinical and pathological features and patient’s survival time. Vimentin immunoreactivity was assessed in neoplastic cells (in primary lesions, emboli, and metastases) and tumor-associated stroma (TAS) of canine GCs. Ki-67 PI was quantified in the neoplastic epithelial component. Vimentin immunolabeling in neoplastic cells was found in 30% of the primary lesions, in 82% of the neoplastic emboli, and in 50% of the metastases; in TAS, it was observed in all cases. A mean of 16% of the TAS was immunolabeled for vimentin. High vimentin immunolabeling in the TAS (>16%) was detected in 40% of cases. The average value of Ki-67 PI was 50%, and 80% of the lesions had Ki-67 PI above 20%. Vimentin immunolabeling in neoplastic cells was more frequent in less-differentiated carcinomas (diffuse [29%] and indeterminate types [75%]) than well-differentiated carcinomas (intestinal type [0%], P = .049). No significant differences were observed in vimentin immunolabeling in the TAS or Ki-67 PI according to histological diagnosis, depth of invasion, presence of neoplastic emboli or metastases. However, vimentin immunolabeling in the TAS was positively correlated with Ki-67 PI (r = .394, P = .031). Furthermore, a moderate negative correlation was observed between Ki-67 PI and survival time (r = −0.540). Our results suggest that vimentin and Ki-67 PI have potential for providing prognostic information in cases of canine GCs

E-cadherin Expression in Canine Gastric Carcinomas: Association with Clinicopathological Parameters

E-cadherin (E-cad) is a cell-adhesion molecule known for its tumor-invasion suppressor function. E-cad expression was examined immunohistochemically in a series of canine tissue samples, including normal gastric mucosa (NGM; n = 3), gastric carcinomas (GC; n = 33), adjacent nonneoplastic mucosa (NNM; n = 32), neoplastic emboli (n = 16) and metastatic lesions (n = 9). The relationship between E-cad expression and clinicopathological features were investigated. In NGM, epithelial cells showed strong latero-lateral membranous expression of E-cad, and this pattern was considered normal. The membranous staining was preserved in all specimens of NNM (100%), whereas abnormal E-cad expression was found in 87.9% of the GCs. A marked difference in E-cad expression was observed between normal and malignant tissues (p < 0.0002). Abnormal E-cad expression was significantly more frequent in poorly/undifferentiated carcinomas (96%) and diffuse (95%) and indeterminate carcinomas (100%) than in well-differentiated/intestinal ones (62.5%; p = 0.0115 and p = 0.0392, respectively). There was significant association between abnormal E-cad expression and the depth of invasion (p = 0.0117), and the presence neoplastic emboli (p = 0.0194). No statistically significant differences in E-cad expression were observed concerning tumor location, histological type according to WHO classification, and presence of metastatic lesions. Therefore, deregulation of E-cad expression may play a role in canine gastric carcinogenesis and in tumor progression; moreover, it might be a prognostic tool for canine gastric cancer. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Acknowledgments: A.R.F. (SFRH/BD/116373/2016) acknowledges FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, for financial support. The authors of the research unit CECAV were also supported by the projects UIDB/CVT/00772/2020 and LA/P/0059/2020 funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). IPATIMUP integrates the i3S Research Unit, which is partially supported by FEDER through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors-COMPETE and National Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), under the project number PEst-C/SAU/LA0003/2013