Equivalence transformations of the general first order balance equations

Verilmiş bir diferansiyel denklemler grubu keyfi fonksiyonlar,  parametreler içeriyorsa, elimizde aynı yapıda denklemler grubunun ailesi var demektir. Eşdeğerlik grupları, verilen  denklem ailesini değişmez bırakan dönüşümlerin grubu olarak tanımlanır. Simetri dönüşümleri diferansiyel denklemlerin bir çözümünü başka çözümlere götürürken, eşdeğerlik dönüşümleri ailenin bir üyesini diğer üyesine götürür ve denklemler grubunun bir çözümünü aynı ailenin başka grubunun çözümüne dönüştürür. Çalışmada birinci mertebe genel denklik denklemleri sisteminin eşdeğerlik dönüşümleri izovektör yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Klasik sürekli fiziğin bir çok denklemi bu grupta  ifade edilebildiğinden, sonuçları geniş uygulama alanına sahiptir. Eşdeğerlik dönüşümlerinin belirleyici denklemleri elde edildikten sonra açık çözümleri belirlenmiş, genel şema elektromagnetizmanın Maxwell denklemlerine uygulanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Eşdeğerlik dönüşümleri, denklik denklemleri, izovektör yöntemi.If a given set of equations contains some arbitrary functions or parameters we have in fact a family of sets of equations of the same structure. Almost all field equations of classical continuum physics possess this property since they describe certain common or similar behaviors of diverse materials. Equivalence groups are defined as groups of continuous transformations which leave a given family of equations invariant.  In other words, they map an arbitrary member of the family onto another member of the same family and they transform a solution of a set of equations onto a solution of another set in the same family whereas the symmetry transformations map a solution of a system to another solution of the same system. In this work equivalence transformations of first order general balance equations involving arbitrary number of dependent and independent variables are investigated by using isovector method. To study system of balance equations occupies a privileged position since many equations in classical physics are of this form. The method consists of determining isovector fields of a closed ideal of certain exterior forms defined on a properly extended manifold.  Isovector fields are defined as such vector fields whose orbits generate transformations under which the ideal remains invariant.. After obtaining determining equations of equivalence transformations, their explicit solutions are found. The general results are applied to Maxwell equations.Keywords: Equivalence transformations, balance equations, isovector method

Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment in childhood atelectasis

Introduction: Atelectasis is the loss of lung volume secondary to collapse. Narrow and collapsible airways and underlying chronic diseases facilitate the development of atelectasis in children. Since atelectasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. Methods: Thirty-six patients who were followed up in the pediatric service and pediatric intensive care unit of our clinic be - tween December 1, 2018, and June 1, 2019, and were diagnosed radiologically with atelectasis were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The median age was 1.85 years (1.0–7.37). The most common cause for hospitalization was pneumonia (n=30, 83%). Except for two patients, all patients had an underlying disease that increased the risk of atelectasis. Neurological diseases were the most common diseases among the underlying diseases (n=12, 36%). For the treatment, 4 (11.1%) patients received chest physiotherapy, 19 (52.7%) patients received nebulized medications, and chest physiotherapy, and 13 (36.1%) patients received positive end-expiratory pressure support in addition to these treatments. The frequency of atelectasis in more than one localization was higher in children with the neurological disease than in other patients (n=7, [54%] vs. n=3, [13%]; p=0.018). In patients with atelectasis in more than one localization, the duration of hospitalization was longer (median 12.5 days [9.5–16.75] vs. 19 days [13–22.75]; p=0.034). Discussion and Conclusion: Atelectasis is common in hospitalized children with an underlying disease. In the presence of pathological respiratory symptoms and signs, atelectasis should be kept in mind, and treatment should be started early

Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric intensive care unit patients: the results of a multicenter, prospective study in Turkey

IntroductionMalnutrition is defined as a pathological condition arising from deficient or imbalanced intake of nutritional elements. Factors such as increasing metabolic demands during the disease course in the hospitalized patients and inadequate calorie intake increase the risk of malnutrition. The aim of the present study is to evaluate nutritional status of patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Turkey, examine the effect of nutrition on the treatment process and draw attention to the need for regulating nutritional support of patients while continuing existing therapies.Material and MethodIn this prospective multicenter study, the data was collected over a period of one month from PICUs participating in the PICU Nutrition Study Group in Turkey. Anthropometric data of the patients, calorie intake, 90-day mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay and length of stay in intensive care unit were recorded and the relationship between these parameters was examined.ResultsOf the 614 patients included in the study, malnutrition was detected in 45.4% of the patients. Enteral feeding was initiated in 40.6% (n = 249) of the patients at day one upon admission to the intensive care unit. In the first 48 h, 86.82% (n = 533) of the patients achieved the target calorie intake, and 81.65% (n = 307) of the 376 patients remaining in the intensive care unit achieved the target calorie intake at the end of one week. The risk of mortality decreased with increasing upper mid-arm circumference and triceps skin fold thickness Z-score (OR = 0.871/0.894; p = 0.027/0.024). The risk of mortality was 2.723 times higher in patients who did not achieve the target calorie intake at first 48 h (p = 0.006) and the risk was 3.829 times higher in patients who did not achieve the target calorie intake at the end of one week (p = 0.001). The risk of mortality decreased with increasing triceps skin fold thickness Z-score (OR = 0.894; p = 0.024).ConclusionTimely and appropriate nutritional support in critically ill patients favorably affects the clinical course. The results of the present study suggest that mortality rate is higher in patients who fail to achieve the target calorie intake at first 48 h and day seven of admission to the intensive care unit. The risk of mortality decreases with increasing triceps skin fold thickness Z-score

Diagnosis of comorbid migraine without aura in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy based on the gray zone approach to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 criteria

BackgroundMigraine without aura (MwoA) is a very frequent and remarkable comorbidity in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy (I/GE). Frequently in clinical practice, diagnosis of MwoA may be challenging despite the guidance of current diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 (ICHD-3). In this study, we aimed to disclose the diagnostic gaps in the diagnosis of comorbid MwoA, using a zone concept, in patients with I/GEs with headaches who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert.MethodsIn this multicenter study including 809 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of I/GE with or without headache, 163 patients who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert as having a comorbid MwoA were reevaluated. Eligible patients were divided into three subgroups, namely, full diagnosis, zone I, and zone II according to their status of fulfilling the ICHD-3 criteria. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was performed to bring out the meaningful predictors when evaluating patients with I/GEs for MwoA comorbidity, using the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis.ResultsLonger headache duration (<4 h) followed by throbbing pain, higher visual analog scale (VAS) scores, increase of pain by physical activity, nausea/vomiting, and photophobia and/or phonophobia are the main distinguishing clinical characteristics of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GE, for being classified in the full diagnosis group. Despite being not a part of the main ICHD-3 criteria, the presence of associated symptoms mainly osmophobia and also vertigo/dizziness had the distinguishing capability of being classified into zone subgroups. The most common epilepsy syndromes fulfilling full diagnosis criteria (n = 62) in the CART analysis were 48.39% Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy followed by 25.81% epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone.ConclusionLonger headache duration, throbbing pain, increase of pain by physical activity, photophobia and/or phonophobia, presence of vertigo/dizziness, osmophobia, and higher VAS scores are the main supportive associated factors when applying the ICHD-3 criteria for the comorbid MwoA diagnosis in patients with I/GEs. Evaluating these characteristics could be helpful to close the diagnostic gaps in everyday clinical practice and fasten the diagnostic process of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GEs

The Contributions of Avanzâde Mehmet Suleyman on Our Culture and Literature Life

1871-1922 yılları arasında yaşayan Avanzâde Mehmet Süleyman, Osmanlının son döneminde yetişmiş eczacı kökenli bir yazardır. O, eczacılıkla beraber farklı türlerde pek çok eser de kaleme almıştır. Bu çalışmada Avanzâde Mehmet Süleyman'ın söz konusu eserleri araştırılıp konularına göre tasnif edilerek incelenmiştir. İyi derecede yabancı dil bilen yazar, pek çok eser tercüme ederek Türk kültür ve edebiyat hayatına yüz yirmiden fazla eser kazandırmıştır. Tezimizde Avanzâde Mehmet Süleyman tanıtılmış, hayatı hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, eserleri tespit edilerek konularına göre tasnif suretiyle değerlendirmeye tâbi tutulmuştur. Avanzâde Mehmet Süleyman mesleği gereği; başta sağlık olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda eserler yazarak tavsiyelerde bulunmuş ve halkın bilinçlenmesine hizmet etmiştir. O, Sefiller ve Monte Cristo gibi eserleri tercüme ederek benimsediği sade dil anlayışı ile Osmanlıda bu eserlerin sevilerek okunmasını yaygınlaştırmıştır. Avanzâde Mehmet Süleyman eserlerinde özellikle kadın, aile ve çocuk kavramları üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Kadınların ve çocukların eğitimi, sağlığı, popüler kültürü gibi konularda eserler yayınlayarak toplumda duyarlılık oluşturmak istemiştir. Halkın genel kültürünü arttırmak amacıyla rüya tâbiri, kıyafetname, tılsım-sihir, fizyonomi, beslenme ve yemek gibi değişik konularda da eserler kaleme almıştır. Bu çalışmayla Avanzâde Mehmet Süleyman'a dikkat çekilmiş ve onun hakkında yapılacak çalışmalar için temel kaynak oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır.Avanzâde Mehmet Suleyman who lived between 1871-1922 and grown in the last period of Ottoman Empire is a pharmacy educated writer. Including pharmacy, he wrote many books in various genres. In the study the foresaid studies of Avanzâde Mehmet Suleyman has been analyzed and categorized according to their subjects. Since he knew a foreign language very well, he translated many books, thus he contributed to Turkish culture and literature with more than 120 works. In this study, Avanzâde Mehmet Suleyman is introduced, the necessary information is supplied about his life and his collected works are categorized and evaluated. As he was a pharmacist, he counselled and advised to the society by writing in various areas such as health in a simple writing style. By translating famous books such as "The Miserables" and "Monte Cristo" he made the book widespread with his simple writing style. In his studies, Avanzâde Mehmet Suleyman specially focused on women, family and kids. He aimed to bring commonsense by publishing his works on certain topics such as health and education of women, kids and the popular culture. He also wrote on different subjects like dream interpretation, fashion, miracle, physiognomy, nutrition and cooking to improve general knowledge in the society. With this study, it is aimed to attract attention to Avanzâde Mehmet Suleyman and tried to supply a fundamental source for further studies

Depression Status in Children’s Parents During Hospitalization in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Aim: The purpose of this research was to determine depression levels in parents of children hospitalized in the intensive care unit and to identify any variation between maternal and paternal depression levels. Method: The study was performed with 25 mothers and fathers of patients hospitalized between February and April 2015 in the Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to evaluate the parents’ depression levels. Results: The mothers and fathers of 25 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 61.2 ± 53.8 months (range, 3-172 months). Nineteen (76%) of patients had poor socioeconomic status, 4 (16%) had average socioeconomic status, and 2 (8%) had good status. The mean Beck Depression Inventory score was 17.9 ± 11.1 among mothers and 17.1±9.95 among fathers. No correlation was determined between socioeconomic status and maternal or paternal depression level (p= 0.64 and p= 0.77, respectively). Similarly, there was no correlation between education level and maternal or paternal levels of depression (p= 0.37 and p= 0.77). Conclusion: Depression levels in both mothers and fathers of children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit are significantly higher than those of the normal population. This study might now be repeated with wider patient groups. This study reveals the need for mothers and fathers of patients to be given psychological counseling and psychiatric support