Mismatches in scale between highly mobile marine megafauna and marine protected areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs), particularly large MPAs, are increasing in number and size around the globe in part to facilitate the conservation of marine megafauna under the assumption that large-scale MPAs better align with vagile life histories; however, this alignment is not well established. Using a global tracking dataset from 36 species across five taxa, chosen to reflect the span of home range size in highly mobile marine megafauna, we show most MPAs are too small to encompass complete home ranges of most species. Based on size alone, 40% of existing MPAs could encompass the home ranges of the smallest ranged species, while only \u3c 1% of existing MPAs could encompass those of the largest ranged species. Further, where home ranges and MPAs overlapped in real geographic space, MPAs encompassed \u3c 5% of core areas used by all species. Despite most home ranges of mobile marine megafauna being much larger than existing MPAs, we demonstrate how benefits from MPAs are still likely to accrue by targeting seasonal aggregations and critical life history stages and through other management techniques

A further study of \mu-\tau symmetry breaking at neutrino telescopes after the Daya Bay and RENO measurements of \theta_{13}

Current neutrino oscillation data indicate that \theta_{13} is not strongly suppressed and \theta_{23} might have an appreciable deviation from \pi/4, implying that the 3 \times 3 neutrino mixing matrix V does not have an exact \mu-\tau permutation symmetry. We make a further study of the effect of \mu-\tau symmetry breaking on the democratic flavor distribution of ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos at a neutrino telescope, and find that it is characterized by |V_{\mu i}|^2 - |V_{\tau i}|^2 which would vanish if either \theta_{23} = \pi/4 and \theta_{13} = 0 or \theta_{23} = \pi/4 and \delta = \pm \pi/2 held. We observe that the second-order \mu-\tau symmetry breaking term \bar{\Delta} may be numerically comparable with or even larger than the first-order term \Delta in the flux ratios \phi^{T}_e : \phi^{T}_\mu : \phi^{T}_\tau \simeq (1- 2\Delta) : (1 + \Delta + \bar{\Delta}) : (1 + \Delta - \bar{\Delta}), if \sin (\theta_{23} - \pi/4) and \cos\delta have the same sign. The detection of the UHE \bar{\nu}_e flux via the Glashow-resonance channel \bar{\nu}_e e \to W^- \to anything is also discussed by taking account of the first- and second-order \mu-\tau symmetry breaking effects.Comment: RevTeX 12 pages, 1 Table, More discussions added, accepted for publication in Phys. Lett.

Poisoned Praise

High-power people frequently receive compliments from subordinates, yet little is known about how high-power people respond to praise. The current research addresses this gap in the empirical literature by testing the primary hypothesis that high-power people discount others’ praise more than equal- and low-power people. Secondary hypotheses also tested whether high-power people’s tendency to discount positive feedback would paradoxically heighten negative perceptions of others. Evidence from two experiments (one preregistered) reveals that high-power participants discounted feedback from others more than low- and equal-power participants. However, high-power people’s tendency to discount feedback only produced negative partner perceptions when positive feedback, but not neutral feedback, was discounted. These results suggest that compliments may sometimes backfire and lead high-power people to discount praise and form negative impressions of subordinates