Children’s experience and attitudes towards the police, personal safety and public spaces: findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey interviews with children aged 10 to 15, supplementary volume 3 to Crime in England and Wales 2009/10

The British Crime Survey (BCS) is a face-to-face victimisation survey of around 46,000 adults resident in households in England and Wales. The survey has been carried out since 19821, asking adults aged 16 or over about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview as well as their attitudes towards different crime-related issues such as the police, criminal justice system, and perceptions of crime and anti-social behaviour. One of the key recommendations of crime statistics reviews carried out in 2006 was that the BCS should be extended to include populations currently not covered by the survey, for example, people aged under 16 (Smith, 2006; Statistics Commission, 2006). An announcement was made in May 2008 that the BCS would be extended to include children aged 10 to 15 following independent expert advice (Pickering et al., 2008). After a period of testing, development and consultation, data collection began in January 2009. A methodological report detailing all aspects of this process was published on 21 October 2010 (see Fitzpatrick et al., 2010)

The diagnosis of electronegative magnetron plasmas

The magnetron sputter tool has been employed for many years to manufacture engineering-quality thin films and coatings. While many aspects of magnetron plasmas have been extensively studied, much is still unknown. This project aims to develop a more complete picture of the magnetron sputtering plasma by performing laser-assisted electron photodetachment diagnostics to measure the density of negative ion species in these plasmas. Concentrations of negative oxygen ions were measured in oxygen/argon mixtures, and negative hydrogen ions in hydrogen discharges. Concentrations were plotted spatially across the midplane of the discharge to determine the 2-dimensional distribution of negative ions. The evolution of concentration with time is also measured. Negative ions were found to follow a spatial distribution pattern which appears to be independent of the discharge gas type, and are at maximum concentration in the diffuse region of the discharge above the magnetic field trap and off the central axis. Regions of moderately high plasma electronegativity were observed, with concentrations of negative ions exceeding the local electron density at some locations. Hydrogen discharges were shown to follow a similar pattern, however the overall proportion of negative ions within the hydrogen discharge was seen to be at lest a factor of ten lower than in the oxygen case

Lääkkeettömiä kivunlievitysmenetelmiä synnytyksen avautumisvaiheessa : Opas odottaville perheille

Jokaisella naisella on oikeus hyvään synnytykseen ja kivunhallintaa pidetään osana hyvää synnytyskokemusta. Synnytyskivun kokeminen on yksilöllistä ja siihen vaikuttavat monet tekijät. Lääkkeellisten kivunlievitysmenetelmien ohella myös lääkkeettömän kivunhallinnan suosio synnytyksen aikana on lisääntymässä. Monilla odottavilla naisilla ei kuitenkaan ole riittävästi tietoa lääkkeettömistä menetelmistä tai näiden käytöstä. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on tuottaa opas lääkkeettömistä kivunhallinnan menetelmistä odottaville perheille. Tavoitteena on, että oppaan avulla synnyttäjät ja perheet oppivat käyttämään erilaisia lääkkeettömiä kivunhallintamenetelmiä synnytyksen avau-tumisvaiheen aikana. Lisäksi opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on kehittää omaa ammatillista osaamistamme ja valmiuksiamme ohjata synnyttäviä äitejä ja perheitä kivunhallinnassa, sekä tuottaa konkreettinen työkalu, josta hyötyvät synnyttäjien ohella kätilötyön ammattilaiset sekä äitiysneuvoloissa työskentelevät. Opinnäytetyö muodostuu teoriaosasta ja oppaasta. Teoriaosuus sisältää synnytys- ja avautumiskipuun sekä kivunhoitomenetelmiin liittyvää tietoa, ja siinä kerrotaan myös oppaan suunnitteluun ja toteuttamiseen liittyviä asioita. Opinnäytetyön toisen osan muodostaa odottaville perheille suunnattu opas, joka on rakennettu opinnäytetyössä käytetyn lähdemateriaalin pohjalta.Every woman has the right to a good labour and delivery, and pain management is consid-ered to be a part of a good birth experience. The experience of labour pain is subjective and individual and is influenced by many factors. Alongside pharmacological pain relief also non-pharmacological pain management is gaining in popularity. However, many expecting women have limited knowledge of the non-pharmacological methods or how to use them. The objective of this thesis is to produce a guide booklet about non-pharmacological pain management in the first stage of labour, to be used by expecting families. The objective is, that with the help of the guide booklet, pregnant women and their families learn about different non-pharmacological pain management methods and are able to utilise them during labour. In addition the purpose of the thesis is to improve our own professional and transferable skills to coach expectant families in pain management and to produce a practical tool that can be utilised by midwives and other nursing professional that work in maternity care and health promotion. The thesis is made up of two sections. The theoretical section includes information on birth- and labour pain, as well as information on how to plan and produce a guide booklet. The second section is the booklet, aimed at expectant families. The information in the guide booklet is based on the theoretical part of the thesis and its source material

Personal selling at Bournmouth College A simulation exercise

Information Bank simulation exerciose 2435A-FAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3661.958F(ED--324-547)(microfiche) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

The what, when and who of Data Protection

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:4481.874(FESC-IBN--2412) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Sex discrimination legislation

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:4481.874(FESC-IBN--2682) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Tackling Consumer Vulnerability: Regulators' powers, actions and strategies

This report examines how four regulators of essential services are addressing consumer vulnerability, namely, Ofcom, Ofgem, Ofwat and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The aim of this action research was to explore the regulators’ approaches to consumer vulnerability and how these have developed given the different contexts in which they operate, what they are seeking to do and the issues they face, with the aim of learning from their different experiences. The intention was not to seek to rate their performance. Instead the objective was to see what lessons can be shared and policies developed. The statutory frameworks for three of the regulators – Ofcom, Ofgem, and Ofwat – list certain ‘categories’ of consumers for whom they have to have regard, for example, older people and people with disabilities, with the underlying implication that these are vulnerable ‘groups’. Our research shows that these regulators, together with the FCA, are moving away from categorising consumers in this way towards a more rounded understanding of consumer vulnerability. While the regulators have carried out work over the years on issues that affect consumers in vulnerable circumstances, until recently this has been fairly limited and ad hoc but they are now seeking to develop more strategic approaches to consumer vulnerability. Given the different contexts within which they operate, this is happening in different ways and at different stages across the regulators. The first manifestation of a more rounded approach has been Ofgem’s adoption of a detailed consumer vulnerability strategy and accompanying work programme. Ofcom has recently published its approach to participation and consumer vulnerability with a dedicated section of its website. Ofwat and the FCA, by contrast, are at earlier stages in terms of developing an overarching approach to vulnerability issues. Ofwat is considering adopting a consumer vulnerability strategy and is prioritising considerations around affordability, particularly through the current price review process. The FCA, a relatively new organisation with a new remit and responsibilities, has begun developing a vulnerability strategy, and is only beginning to pull all the strands of its work together as an approach to consumers in vulnerable circumstances. During the course of this research all the regulators expressed the desire to share learning and collaborate where possible on this important topic. These developments are very welcome but the critical issue is what happens in practice. The regulators must ensure that: • They make it clear what they have done, what they are doing and what they plan to do to engage and tackle consumer vulnerability. • Tackling consumer vulnerability underpins the work of the whole organisation, including their approaches to competition and economic issues such as cost reflectivity. • Their strategies are backed by clear work programmes and systems to monitor the effects for consumers of their actions and of developments in the market. • They are ready to intervene to use their powers to the maximum to protect consumers in vulnerable circumstances. • They develop close contacts with organisations working with consumers in vulnerable circumstances and involve them in monitoring the effectiveness of their efforts. Although it is challenging, it is vital that the regulators have a firm basis to operationalise their approaches to consumer vulnerability. These findings underline the importance of organisational commitment and backing at senior level combined with effective internal processes. Other crucial ingredients include having a sound evidence base, supported by rounded consumer research to ensure that the regulators stay fully in touch with the factors that place consumers at risk in these essential services. Regulators should set a series of outputs and outcomes to help evaluate the effectiveness of their attempts to tackle consumer vulnerability and regularly report on progress. To this end the regulators should establish a means of ‘external auditing’ to help inform and evaluate their progress. This could be done through development of external ‘challenge groups’, for each regulator or jointly, which involve organisations and experts working with consumers in vulnerable circumstances. This should be underpinned by a clear mechanism so that external input is taken on board and seen to be so. This should not be a one-off exercise but one that becomes an integral part of the regulators’ consumer vulnerability policies and monitoring. So, for example, the challenge groups would have a role in helping to set outputs and outcomes