International cooperation as regards protection of the environment and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea

Summary: 1. General Aspects of the Mediterranean Sea. 2. The Legal Picture of Mediterranean Waters. 3. The Picture of Regional Legal Instruments. 4. The Barcelona System for the Protection of the Mediterranean Marine Environment. 4.1. The Convention. 4.2. The Dumping Protocol. 4.3. The LandBased Protocol. 4.4. The Areas Protocol. 4.5. The Seabed Protocol. 4.6. The Wastes Protocol. 4.7. The Emergency Protocol. 4.8. The Coastal Zone Protocol. 5. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. 6. Gaps in Regional Regulation

From local to World Heritage: a comparative analysis

This paper aims to assess the implementation of the 1972 Convention in 10 countries (Australia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States) which were part of a research network funded by the UK’s Arts and Humanities Research Council in 2012–15 by examining the selection process of cultural properties at the national level through a survey. The survey consisted of a questionnaire that aimed to identify national practices regarding the identification and nomination of sites for submission on the state’s Tentative List and then onto the World Heritage List. It highlighted that despite the efforts of the World Heritage Committee to unify the submission process through long and detailed Operational Guidelines, there are important differences at a national level that lead to the List’s lack of representativity and an heterogeneous implementation of the Convention

Exploring the Ambiguity of Operation Sophia Between Military and Search and Rescue Activities

Over the past decade, for the purpose of managing the phenomenon of migration by sea, a wide number of different measures have been adopted by the European Union and its Member States. Notwithstanding the persistent need and the legal obligation to save people's lives at sea, Europe remains stocked on the protection of the security of its internal and external borders and goes ahead with the launch of Eunavfor Med--Operation Sophia, the first naval mission aimed to disrupt the business model of migrant smuggling and human trafficking in the Mediterranean. The following chapter examines the factual and legal background behind the establishment of this military mission and focuses on two sensitive and interrelated aspects: the use of enforcement powers against alleged smugglers and traffickers on the one hand and the rescue of irregular migrants at sea on the other hand. While various challenges prevent the activation of the crucial military phase of Operation Sophia, the operational and legal framework applicable to incidental search and rescue interventions carried out by its naval forces appears rather unclear and problematic under different perspectives of international law, especially if the Operation will continue into Libyan territorial waters in cooperation with its unstable authorities

International cooperation as regards protection of the environment and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea

Summary: 1. General Aspects of the Mediterranean Sea. 2. The Legal Picture of Mediterranean Waters. 3. The Picture of Regional Legal Instruments. 4. The Barcelona System for the Protection of the Mediterranean Marine Environment. 4.1. The Convention. 4.2. The Dumping Protocol. 4.3. The LandBased Protocol. 4.4. The Areas Protocol. 4.5. The Seabed Protocol. 4.6. The Wastes Protocol. 4.7. The Emergency Protocol. 4.8. The Coastal Zone Protocol. 5. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. 6. Gaps in Regional Regulation