Collateral Damage In Iraq and Capital Punishment in the U.S.: How the Public Makes Sense of Extreme Violence and Death

Collateral Damage in Iraq and Capital Punishment in the U.S.: How the Public Makes Sense of Extreme Violence and Death This dissertation investigates the tendencies, attitudes, beliefs, ideologies, and narratives that citizens in the Pacific Northwest have in regard to innocent loss of life in war and in the American criminal justice system. The project serves as a frontal analysis of recent scholarship regarding attitudes toward casualty tolerance by political scientists Peter Feaver, Chris Gelpi, and Jason Reifler (FGR). FGR focus on debunking the `myth' that the American public is `casualty phobic' and suffers from the `Vietnam syndrome.' FGR's research focuses heavily on American soldier casualties, whereas my project shines a light on gauging public opinion on the deaths of innocent civilians in wars. I argue that their model of predicting casualty tolerance--based solely on the use of survey data--is woefully inept and lacks important contributions from social psychology, sociology and personality theories in fostering a deeper understanding of explaining varying levels of casualty tolerance by individuals who are attitudinally ambivalent. I also extend the definition of collateral damage to include innocent loss of life in the criminal justice system by individuals put to death for crimes not committed. The study implores two methods, surveys and in-depth interviews, in order to better understand attitudes toward `collateral damage' or innocent loss of life. Three new survey scales are introduced: a 14-item `Collateral Damage Tolerance Scale for War' (CDTSW), a 10-item `Collateral Damage Tolerance Scale for Death Penalty' (CDTSDP), and a 15-item Islamophobia Scale. In contemporary American politics the importance of the swing voter cannot be overstated. This study gives primacy to understanding in a more direct way what middle-scores think about innocent loss of life in war and in the criminal justice system. The foundation of the study is a Frankfurt School approach that highlights the following: individual differences are real and far-reaching, that personality has psychodynamic roots, and that variations in psycho-cultural experience (in early childhood, in the family, in the workplace) produce major variations in attitudes and character structure. The survey results indicate the power of authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), incidences of corporal punishment, and Islamophobia as strong predictors of more or less tolerance of innocent loss of life in war. In regard to collateral damage in the use of the death penalty four variables proved to be central: RWA, SDO, views toward the nature of God, and approval/disapproval of capital punishment. The interview data confirm predicted responses from high and low scoring individuals toward more or less tolerance of collateral damage. As for middle scorers the following themes emerged as contributors to more or less tolerance: perceived threat of terrorism, being informed or uninformed about current events like war and the criminal justice system, the degree to which middle scorers buy in to the master narratives or national stories regarding justifications for collateral damage, and ability of middles to formulate and articulate counter narratives. The continued relevancy of Erich Fromm is discussed as well as a pitch for a renaissance of his social-psychological analytical approach to studies of casualty tolerance

A Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part I: Development and Validation of the Technique

Abstract In this study (Part I), the mid-twenty-first-century surface air temperature increase in the entire CMIP5 ensemble is downscaled to very high resolution (2 km) over the Los Angeles region, using a new hybrid dynamical–statistical technique. This technique combines the ability of dynamical downscaling to capture finescale dynamics with the computational savings of a statistical model to downscale multiple GCMs. First, dynamical downscaling is applied to five GCMs. Guided by an understanding of the underlying local dynamics, a simple statistical model is built relating the GCM input and the dynamically downscaled output. This statistical model is used to approximate the warming patterns of the remaining GCMs, as if they had been dynamically downscaled. The full 32-member ensemble allows for robust estimates of the most likely warming and uncertainty resulting from intermodel differences. The warming averaged over the region has an ensemble mean of 2.3°C, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.0° to 3.6°C. Inland and high elevation areas warm more than coastal areas year round, and by as much as 60% in the summer months. A comparison to other common statistical downscaling techniques shows that the hybrid method produces similar regional-mean warming outcomes but demonstrates considerable improvement in capturing the spatial details. Additionally, this hybrid technique incorporates an understanding of the physical mechanisms shaping the region's warming patterns, enhancing the credibility of the final results

The Amazon Echo: Usability Evaluation

Background: The Amazon Echo is a home assistant device which allows people to interact verbally with online software tools or smart home devices and electronics. The purpose of this study was to test the usability of the device by conducting a variety of user-centered analyses. Method: Researchers performed a usability heuristics evaluation to gain an understanding of the system’s features and functions from a top-down perspective. An Out of Box Experience (OOBE) was conducted to capture users’ attitude of the device. Next, several tasks were performed which represent users\u27 everyday interactions with these devices. Participants then completed the system usability scale (SUS) to rate their experience. Results: Time on task was measured to analyze quantitative data and participants were asked to rate the difficulty of each task. Preliminary results indicate a setup time of approximately five minutes. Microsoft product reaction cards were used to capture initial and post-trial reactions to the device. Easy to use and efficient are two common terms appearing in the participant\u27s explanation of their feeling towards using the device. Conclusions: By collecting this information, our research team can paint an entire picture explaining benefits and flaws encountered by users and experts alike

Facing Our Future: Children in the Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement

Based on interviews, examines the effects of the arrest, detention, and/or deportation of undocumented parents on their children, including changes in behavior, food sufficiency, and housing. Explores community responses. Makes policy recommendations

Creation of Two Valid Scales: Willingness to Fly in an Aircraft and Willingness to Pilot an Aircraft

The purpose of the current study was to develop two scales that could be used concurrently or independently to measure passenger willingness to fly (WTF), and aviator willingness to pilot (WTP), respectively. This is especially useful to determine challenges involving acceptance of new aviation technology for both pilots and passengers. There were five stages in developing the WTF scale for passengers, following Hinkin’s scale development process. Cronbach’s Alpha and Guttmann’s Split Half tests were used to confirm high internal consistency and reliability, while factor analysis was used to confirm construct validity. The scale was tested in order to confirm sensitivity to differences in actual participant willingness to fly. After developing the WTF scale for passengers, researchers made minor lexical adjustments and created the WTP scale, calculating Cronbach’s Alpha, Guttmann’s Split Half test, and factor analysis; thus, ensuring high internal consistency, reliability and validity. These two scales may help provide researchers with a better applied understanding of applications within the aviation and consumer perceptions literature and also assist with pilot training and acceptance of new aviation technology

NASA Strategic Roadmap Summary Report

In response to the Vision, NASA commissioned strategic and capability roadmap teams to develop the pathways for turning the Vision into a reality. The strategic roadmaps were derived from the Vision for Space Exploration and the Aldrich Commission Report dated June 2004. NASA identified 12 strategic areas for roadmapping. The Agency added a thirteenth area on nuclear systems because the topic affects the entire program portfolio. To ensure long-term public visibility and engagement, NASA established a committee for each of the 13 areas. These committees - made up of prominent members of the scientific and aerospace industry communities and senior government personnel - worked under the Federal Advisory Committee Act. A committee was formed for each of the following program areas: 1) Robotic and Human Lunar Exploration; 2) Robotic and Human Exploration of Mars; 3) Solar System Exploration; 4) Search for Earth-Like Planets; 5) Exploration Transportation System; 6) International Space Station; 7) Space Shuttle; 8) Universe Exploration; 9) Earth Science and Applications from Space; 10) Sun-Solar System Connection; 11) Aeronautical Technologies; 12) Education; 13) Nuclear Systems. This document contains roadmap summaries for 10 of these 13 program areas; The International Space Station, Space Shuttle, and Education are excluded. The completed roadmaps for the following committees: Robotic and Human Exploration of Mars; Solar System Exploration; Search for Earth-Like Planets; Universe Exploration; Earth Science and Applications from Space; Sun-Solar System Connection are collected in a separate Strategic Roadmaps volume. This document contains memebership rosters and charters for all 13 committees

Behavioral responses of the endemic shrimp Halocardina rubra (Malacostraca:Atyidae) to an introduced fish, Gambusia affinis (Actinopterygii: Poeciliidae) and implications for the trophic structure of Hawaiian anchialine ponds

In the Hawaiian Islands, intentionally introduced exotic fishes have been linked to changes in native biodiversity and community composition. In 1905, the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis was introduced to control mosquitoes. Subsequently, G. affinis spread throughout the Islands and into coastal anchialine ponds. Previous studies suggest that presence of invasive fishes in anchialine ponds may eliminate native species, including the endemic shrimp Halocaridina rubra. We examined effects of G. affinis on H. rubra populations in anchialine ponds on the Kona-Kohala coast of the island of Hawai/i. In the presence of G. affinis, H. rubra exhibited a diel activity pattern that was not seen in fishless ponds. Shrimp in ponds with fish were active only at night. This pattern was evident in anchialine ponds and in laboratory experiments. In laboratory predation experiments, G. affinis preferentially consumed smaller H. rubra, and in the field the H. rubra collected from invaded sites were larger than those from fishless ponds. Analysis of trophic position using stable isotope analyses showed that feeding of H. rubra was not significantly distinct from that of snails, assumed to feed at trophic level 2.0 on epilithic algae, but G. affinis was slightly omnivorous, feeding at tropic level 2.2. The mosquito fish diet was apparently composed primarily of algae when the defensive behavior of H. rubra made them substantially unavailable as prey. The effect of successful establishment of G. affinis on shrimp behavior has the potential to alter abundance of benthic algae and processing and recycling of nutrients in anchialine pond ecosystems

Understanding variation in salamander ionomes: A nutrient balance approach

Ecological stoichiometry uses information on a few key biological elements (C, N, and P) to explain complex ecological patterns. Although factors driving variation in these elements are well-established, expanding stoichiometric principles to explore dynamics of the many other essential elements comprising biological tissues (i.e., the ionome) is needed to determine their metabolic relationships and better understand biological control of elemental flows through ecosystems. 2. In this paper, we report observations of ionomic variation in two species of salamander (Ambystoma opacum and A. talpoideum) across ontogenic stages using specimens from biological collections of two wetlands sampled over a 30-year period. This unique data set allowed us to explore the extent of ionomic variation between species, among ontogenic stages, between sites, and through time. 3. We found species- and to a lesser extent site-specific differences in C, N, and P along with 13 other elements forming salamander ionomes but saw no evidence of temporal changes. Salamander ionomic composition was most strongly related to ontogeny with relatively higher concentrations of many elements in adult males (i.e., Ca, P, S, Mg, Zn, and Cu) compared to metamorphic juveniles, which had greater amounts of C, Fe, and Mn. 4. In addition to patterns of individual elements, covariance among elements was used to construct multi-elemental nutrient balances, which revealed differences in salamander elemental composition between species and sites and changes in elemental proportions across ontogenic development. These multi-elemental balances distinguished among species-site-ontogenic stage groups better than using only C, N, and P. 5. Overall, this study highlights the responsiveness of consumer ionomes to life-history and environmental variation while reflecting underlying relationships among elements tied to biological function. As such, ionomic studies can provide important insights into factors shaping consumer elemental composition and for predicting how these changes might affect higher-order ecological processes

Developing the personal narratives of children with complex communication needs associated with intellectual disabilities: what is the potential of Storysharing®?

Background: Sharing personal experience in narrative is challenging for individuals with intellectual disabilities. The aim was to investigate the potential of Storysharing® intervention. Materials and Methods: The study involved eleven pupil-educational supporter dyads at a special school. Storysharing® was implemented over a fifteen-week period. Personal narratives were captured on video pre- and post-intervention. The data were analysed for discourse and narrative. Results: Significant differences revealed a decline in ‘query-answer’ sequences and an increase in supporter use of ‘prompts’. Post-intervention there were fewer story episodes. Narrative structure showed gains in action sequences leading to climax, and in closing elements, indicating a more complete narrative. Conclusions: The Storysharing® intervention appears to be associated with changes to the dyadic, personal narratives illustrating its potential