Proteomic Profiling of Enteroid Cultures Skewed Towards Development of Specific Epithelial Lineages

Recently, three‐dimensional small intestinal organoids (enteroids) have been developed from cultures of intestinal stem cells which differentiate in vitro to generate all the differentiated epithelial cell types associated with the intestine and mimic the structural properties of the intestine observed in vivo. Small‐molecule drug treatment can skew organoid epithelial cell differentiation towards particular lineages, and these skewed enteroids may provide useful tools to study specific epithelial cell populations, such as goblet and Paneth cells. However, the extent to which differentiated epithelial cell populations in these skewed enteroids represent their in vivo counterparts is not fully understood. In this study, we have performed label‐free quantitative proteomics to determine whether skewing murine enteroid cultures towards the goblet or Paneth cell lineages results in changes in abundance of proteins associated with these cell lineages in vivo. Our data confirm that skewed enteroids recapitulate important features of the in vivo gut environment, confirming that they can serve as useful models for the investigation of normal and disease processes in the intestine. Furthermore, by comparison of our mass spectrometry data with histology data contained within the Human Protein Atlas, we identify putative novel markers for goblet and Paneth cells

Guidance on safety evaluation of sources of nutrients and bioavailability of nutrient from the sources

Whenever new substances are proposed for use as sources of nutrients in food supplements, foods for the general population or foods for specific groups, EFSA is requested by the European Commission to perform an assessment of their safety and of the bioavailability of the nutrient from the proposed source. This guidance describes the scientific data required to allow an evaluation of the safety of the source within the established framework for risk assessment of food additives and novel food ingredients and the bioavailability of the nutrient from this source. This document is arranged in five main sections: one on technical data aimed at characterising the proposed source and at identifying potential hazards resulting from its manufacture and stability in food; one on existing authorisations and evaluation, providing an overview of previous assessments on the proposed source and their conclusions; one on proposed uses and exposure assessment section, allowing an estimate of the dietary exposure to the source and the nutrient based on the proposed uses and use levels; one on toxicological data, describing approaches which can be used to identify (in conjunction with data on manufacture and composition) and to characterise hazards of the source and any relevant breakdown products; the final section on bioavailability focuses on determining the extent to which the nutrient from the proposed source is available for use by the body in comparison with one or more forms of the same nutrient that are already permitted for use on the positive lists. This guidance document should replace the previous guidance issued by the Scientific Committee for Food and published in 2001

Mucus detachment by host metalloprotease meprin \beta requires shedding of its inactive pro-form, which is abrogated by the pathogenic protease RgpB

The host metalloprotease meprin β is required for mucin 2 (MUC2) cleavage, which drives intestinal mucus detachment and prevents bacterial overgrowth. To gain access to the cleavage site in MUC2, meprin β must be proteolytically shed from epithelial cells. Hence, regulation of meprin β shedding and activation is important for physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we demonstrate that meprin β activation and shedding are mutually exclusive events. Employing ex vivo small intestinal organoid and cell culture experiments, we found that ADAM-mediated shedding is restricted to the inactive pro-form of meprin β and is completely inhibited upon its conversion to the active form at the cell surface. This strict regulation of meprin β activity can be overridden by pathogens, as demonstrated for the bacterial protease Arg-gingipain (RgpB). This secreted cysteine protease potently converts membrane-bound meprin β into its active form, impairing meprin β shedding and its function as a mucus-detaching protease

Entwicklung von erweiterten humanen intestinalen in vitro Modellen

The main function of the small intestine is the absorption of essential nutrients, water and vitamins. Moreover, it constitutes a barrier protecting us from toxic xenobiotics and pathogens. For a better understanding of these processes, the development of intestinal in vitro models is of great interest to the study of pharmacological and pathological issues such as transport mechanisms and barrier function. Depending on the scientific questions, models of different complexity can be applied. In vitro Transwell® systems based on a porous PET-membrane enable the standardized study of transport mechanisms across the intestinal barrier as well as the investigation of the influence of target substances on barrier integrity. However, this artificial setup reflects only limited aspects of the physiology of the native small intestine and can pose an additional physical barrier. Hence, the applications of this model for tissue engineering are limited. Previously, tissue models based on a biological decellularized scaffold derived from porcine gut tissue were demonstrated to be a good alternative to the commonly used Transwell® system. This study showed that preserved biological extracellular matrix components like collagen and elastin provide a natural environment for the epithelial cells, promoting cell adhesion and growth. Intestinal epithelial cells such as Caco-2 cultured on such a scaffold showed a confluent, tight monolayer on the apical surface. Additionally, myofibroblasts were able to migrate into the scaffold supporting intestinal barrier formation. In this thesis, dendritic cells were additionally introduced to this model mimicking an important component of the immune system. This co-culture model was then successfully proven to be suitable for the screening of particle formulations developed as delivery system for cancer antigens in peroral vaccination studies. In particular, nanoparticles based on PLGA, PEG-PAGE-PLGA, Mannose-PEG-PAGE-PLGA and Chitosan were tested. Uptake studies revealed only slight differences in the transcellular transport rate among the different particles. Dendritic cells were shown to phagocytose the particles after they have passed the intestinal barrier. The particles demonstrated to be an effective carrier system to transport peptides across the intestinal barrier and therefore present a useful tool for the development of novel drugs. Furthermore, to mimic the complex structure and physiology of the gut including the presence of multiple different cell types, the Caco-2 cell line was replaced by primary intestinal cells to set up a de novo tissue model. To that end, intestinal crypts including undifferentiated stem cells and progenitor cells were isolated from human small intestinal tissue samples (jejunum) and expanded in vitro in organoid cultures. Cells were cultured on the decellularized porcine gut matrix in co-culture with intestinal myofibroblasts. These novel tissue models were maintained under either static or dynamic conditions. Primary intestinal epithelial cells formed a confluent monolayer including the major differentiated cell types positive for mucin (goblet cells), villin (enterocytes), chromogranin A (enteroendocrine cells) and lysozyme (paneth cells). Electron microscopy images depicted essential functional units of an intact epithelium, such as microvilli and tight junctions. FITC-dextran permeability and TEER measurements were used to assess tightness of the cell layer. Models showed characteristic transport activity for several reference substances. Mechanical stimulation of the cells by a dynamic culture system had a great impact on barrier integrity and transporter activity resulting in a tighter barrier and a higher efflux transporter activity. In Summary, the use of primary human intestinal cells combined with a biological decellularized scaffold offers a new and promising way to setup more physiological intestinal in vitro models. Maintenance of primary intestinal stem cells with their proliferation and differentiation potential together with adjusted culture protocols might help further improve the models. In particular, dynamic culture systems and co culture models proofed to be a first crucial steps towards a more physiological model. Such tissue models might be useful to improve the predictive power of in vitro models and in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) studies. Moreover, these tissue models will be useful tools in preclinical studies to test pharmaceutical substances, probiotic active organisms, human pathogenic germs and could even be used to build up patient-specific tissue model for personalized medicine.Die Hauptfunktion des Dünndarms besteht in der Aufnahme von lebenswichtigen Nährstoffen, Wasser und Vitaminen. Zudem stellt er eine Barriere dar, die uns vor toxischen Fremdstoffen und Pathogenen schützt. Um diese Prozesse besser zu verstehen, ist die Entwicklung neuer in vitro Modellen des Darms von großem Interesse um pharmakologische und pathologische Studien durchzuführen. Abhängig von der wissenschaftlichen Fragestellung können Modelle von unterschiedlicher Komplexität zur Anwendung kommen. In vitro Transwell® Systeme basierend auf einer porösen PET-Membran ermöglichen die Untersuchung von Transportmechanismen über die intestinal Barriere und den Einfluss von Wirkstoffen auf deren Integrität. Dieser künstliche Aufbau ähnelt jedoch nur eingeschränkt der Physiologie des Dünndarms und kann eine zusätzliche physikalische Barriere darstellen. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieses Modells im Tissue Engineering sind daher begrenzt. Gewebemodelle basierend auf einer dezellularisierten biologischen Matrix hergestellt aus Schweinedarmgewebe haben sich als gute Alternative zum herkömmlichen Transwell® System herausgestellt. Diese Studie zeigt, dass die erhaltenen Komponenten der biologischen Extrazellulärmatrix wie Kollagen und Elastin eine natürliche Umgebung für die Epithelzellen bieten und Zelladhäsion und Wachstum der Zellen fördern. Darmepithelzellen wie Caco-2 Zellen, welche auf einer solchen Matrix kultiviert wurden, bildeten einen konfluenten, dichten Monolayer auf der apikalen Oberfläche aus. Zusätzlich ermöglichte dieser Aufbau die Migration von Myofibroblasten in die Matrix, was die Bildung der intestinalen Barriere unterstützt. In dieser Doktorarbeit wurden zusätzlich dendritische Zellen als wichtige Komponente des adaptiven Immunsystems in das Modell integriert. Dieses Ko-Kultur Modell erwies sich als geeignet um partikuläre Formulierungen zu testen, welche als Transportsysteme für Tumorantigene entwickelt wurden. Es wurden Partikel basierend auf PLGA, PEG-PAGE-PLGA, Mannose-PEG-PAGE-PLGA und Chitosan untersucht. Aufnahmestudien ergaben nur geringfügige Unterschiede in den Transportraten zwischen den verschiedenen Partikeln. Es konnte ausserdem gezeigt werden, dass dendritische Zellen die Partikel phagozytieren, nachdem sie die intestinale Barriere überwunden haben. Die Partikel erwiesen sich als effektives Transportsystem um Peptide über die intestinale Barriere zu schleusen und stellen daher ein nützliches Werkzeug für die Entwicklung neuartiger Medikamente dar. Um die komplexe Struktur und Physiologie des Darms noch besser nachzustellen, wurde für den Aufbau des Modells die Caco-2 Zelllinie durch primäre Darmzellen ersetzt. Die Darmkrypten, welche undifferenzierte Stammzellen und Vorläuferzellen enthalten, wurden aus humanen Dünndarmgewebe, dem Jejunum, isoliert und in vitro expandiert. Die Zellen wurden zusammen mit Myofibroblasten auf der dezellularisierten Schweinedarmmatrix, unter statischen und dynamischen Bedingungen, kultiviert. Die primären Darmepithelzellen bildeten einen konfluenten Monolayer, welcher alle differenzierten intestinalen Zelltypen aufwies, gezeigt durch Zellen positiv für Mucin (Becherzellen), Villin (Enterozyten), Chromogranin A (enteroendokrine Zellen) und Lysozym (Paneth-Zellen). Mit Hilfe von Elektronenmikroskopie ließen sich essentielle funktionelle Einheiten eines intakten Epithels darstellen, wie die Mikrovilli und Tight Junctions. Um die Dichtigkeit des Epithels zu überprüfen wurde mit FITC-Dextran die Permeabilität bestimmt und TEER-Messungen durchgeführt. Die Modelle zeigten einen charakteristischen Transport für mehrere Referenzsubstanzen. Mechanische Stimulation durch ein dynamisches Kultivierungssystem hatte einen starken Einfluss auf die Barriereintegrität und Transporteraktivität der Modelle, was sich in einer dichteren Barriere und erhöhten Efflux-Transporteraktivität widerspiegelte. Alles in allem bietet die Verwendung primärer intestinaler Zellen in Kombination mit einer dezellularisierten biologischen Matrix eine neue, vielversprechende Möglichkeit physiologischere in vitro Modelle des Darms aufzubauen. Der Erhalt intestinaler Stammzellen mit ihrem Proliferations- und Differenzierungspotential zusammen mit angepassten Protokollen könnte dabei helfen die Modelle weiter zu verbessern. Insbesondere die dynamische Kultivierung und die Ko-Kultur-Modelle erwiesen sich als entscheidender Schritt auf dem Weg zu physiologischeren Modellen. Solche Gewebemodelle könnten sich als nützlich erweisen, wenn es darum geht die Vorhersagekraft der in vitro Modelle, sowie die in vitro-in vivo Korrelation zu verbessern. Solche Gewebemodelle können ein nützliches Werkzeuge in der präklinischen Forschung für die Testung von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen, probiotisch aktiven Organismen, sowie humaner pathogener Keime sein und sogar zum Aufbau personalisierter Modelle für die regenerative Medizin dienen

Automated screening for oxidative or methylation-induced DNA damage in human cells

The assessment of genotoxicity upon exposure to chemical and environmental agents plays an important role in basic research as well as in pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic and food industry. Low sensitivity and lack of inter-laboratory comparability are considered problematic issues in genotoxicity testing. Moreover, commonly used mutagenicity assays lack information about early and specific genotoxic events. Previously, we developed an automated version of the 'Fluorimetric Detection of Alkaline DNA Unwinding' (FADU) assay as a high-throughput screening method for the detection of DNA strand breaks in living cells. Here we report an enzyme-modified version of the cell based FADU assay (emFADU) for the determination of oxidative and methylation lesions in cellular DNA. Our method is based on the use of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase or human alkyladenine DNA glycosylase for the detection of chemically-induced nucleobase modifications in lysates of immortalised cell lines, growing in suspension or as adherent cells, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We could show that upon treatment with sub-cytotoxic doses of known genotoxins, oxidative and methylation lesions are readily detectable. This fast, inexpensive, and convenient method could be useful as a high-content screening approach for the sensitive and specific assessment of genotoxicity in human cells. Thus, when implemented in the early compound development in an industrial setting, the emFADU assay could help reduce the number of animals used for toxicity testing. Furthermore, as we established the method for different cell types, this new assay may provide an opportunity for population studies and/or mechanistic research into DNA repair pathways.publishe

A three-dimensional intestinal tissue model reveals factors and small regulatory RNAs important for colonization with Campylobacter jejuni

The Gram-negative Epsilonproteobacterium Campylobacter jejuni is currently the most prevalent bacterial foodborne pathogen. Like for many other human pathogens, infection studies with C. jejuni mainly employ artificial animal or cell culture models that can be limited in their ability to reflect the in-vivo environment within the human host. Here, we report the development and application of a human three-dimensional (3D) infection model based on tissue engineering to study host-pathogen interactions. Our intestinal 3D tissue model is built on a decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold, which is reseeded with human Caco-2 cells. Dynamic culture conditions enable the formation of a polarized mucosal epithelial barrier reminiscent of the 3D microarchitecture of the human small intestine. Infection with C. jejuni demonstrates that the 3D tissue model can reveal isolate-dependent colonization and barrier disruption phenotypes accompanied by perturbed localization of cell-cell junctions. Pathogenesis-related phenotypes of C. jejuni mutant strains in the 3D model deviated from those obtained with 2D-monolayers, but recapitulated phenotypes previously observed in animal models. Moreover, we demonstrate the involvement of a small regulatory RNA pair, CJnc180/190, during infections and observe different phenotypes of CJnc180/190 mutant strains in 2D vs. 3D infection models. Hereby, the CJnc190 sRNA exerts its pathogenic influence, at least in part, via repression of PtmG, which is involved in flagellin modification. Our results suggest that the Caco-2 cell-based 3D tissue model is a valuable and biologically relevant tool between in-vitro and in-vivo infection models to study virulence of C. jejuni and other gastrointestinal pathogens

Triple co-culture and perfusion bioreactor for studying the interaction between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and neutrophils: A novel 3D tissue model for bacterial infection and immunity

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is characterized by a large number of neutrophils recruited to the site of infection. Therefore, proper modeling of the N. gonorrhoeae interaction with neutrophils is very important for investigating and understanding the mechanisms that gonococci use to evade the immune response. We have used a combination of a unique human 3D tissue model together with a dynamic culture system to study neutrophil transmigration to the site of N. gonorrhoeae infection. The triple co-culture model consisted of epithelial cells (T84 human colorectal carcinoma cells), human primary dermal fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells on a biological scaffold (SIS). After the infection of the tissue model with N. gonorrhoeae, we introduced primary human neutrophils to the endothelial side of the model using a perfusion-based bioreactor system. By this approach, we were able to demonstrate the activation and transmigration of neutrophils across the 3D tissue model and their recruitment to the site of infection. In summary, the triple co-culture model supplemented by neutrophils represents a promising tool for investigating N. gonorrhoeae and other bacterial infections and interactions with the innate immunity cells under conditions closely resembling the native tissue environment