Contratar en la era digital

[spa] El derecho contractual del s. XXI exige dar respuesta a los retos que plantean los contratos de suministro de contenidos digitales, las plataformas de internet, los contratos inteligentes, la responsabilidad por sistemas autónomos, y los contratos de licencia, no solo a nivel europeo, sino también internacional. This paper focuses on these key developments for shaping the digital single market.[eng] Contract law in the XXI century must respond to the challenges of contracts for the supply of digital content, internet platforms, smart contracts, liability for autonomous systems, and license agreements, not only at European level but also at international level. El presente documento centra su atención en toda esa serie de avances clave para la configuración del mercado único digital

Introduction : La réforme du droit des contrats en France – réflexions de juristes européens

Publication financée par l’Association Henri Capitant des amis de la culture juridique français

La formation du contrat dans le nouveau droit des obligations allemand et français

Publication financée par l’Association Henri Capitant des amis de la culture juridique français

α-Toxin is a mediator of Staphylococcus aureus–induced cell death and activates caspases via the intrinsic death pathway independently of death receptor signaling

Infections with Staphylococcus aureus, a common inducer of septic and toxic shock, often result in tissue damage and death of various cell types. Although S. aureus was suggested to induce apoptosis, the underlying signal transduction pathways remained elusive. We show that caspase activation and DNA fragmentation were induced not only when Jurkat T cells were infected with intact bacteria, but also after treatment with supernatants of various S. aureus strains. We also demonstrate that S. aureus–induced cell death and caspase activation were mediated by α-toxin, a major cytotoxin of S. aureus, since both events were abrogated by two different anti–α-toxin antibodies and could not be induced with supernatants of an α-toxin–deficient S. aureus strain. Furthermore, α-toxin–induced caspase activation in CD95-resistant Jurkat sublines lacking CD95, Fas-activated death domain, or caspase-8 but not in cells stably expressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Together with our finding that α-toxin induces cytochrome c release in intact cells and, interestingly, also from isolated mitochondria in a Bcl-2-controlled manner, our results demonstrate that S. aureus α-toxin triggers caspase activation via the intrinsic death pathway independently of death receptors. Hence, our findings clearly define a signaling pathway used in S. aureus–induced cytotoxicity and may provide a molecular rationale for future therapeutic interventions in bacterial infections

Personalized smart environments to increase inclusion of people with Down's Syndrome

Most people with Downs Syndrome (DS) experience low integration with society. Recent research and new opportunities for their integration in mainstream education and work provided numerous cases where levels of achievement exceeded the (limiting) expectations. This paper describes a project, POSEIDON, aiming at developing a technological infrastructure which can foster a growing number of services developed to support people with DS. People with DS have their own strengths, preferences and needs so POSEIDON will focus on using their strengths to provide support for their needs whilst allowing each individual to personalize the solution based on their preferences. This project is user-centred from its inception and will give all main stakeholders ample opportunities to shape the output of the project, which will ensure a final outcome which is of practical usefulness and interest to the intended users

La responsabilidad contractual en su formulación histórica y en su configuración actual

Premessa / Pierangelo Schiera (pp. 9-11). -- La imposibilidad sobrevenida de la prestación en la legislación histórica castellana y en el derecho de la codificación / Manuel Ángel Bermejo Castrillo (pp. 13-214). -- La responsabilità contrattuale nel primo Novecento giuridico italiano / Giovanni Chiodi (215-261). -- Reflexiones sobre el pactum de non cedendo / José María Miquel González de Audicana (pp. 263-287). -- Pre-contractual good faith in European Contract Law: Is the European Commission ready to embrace a European doctrine of culpa in contrahendo? / Paula Giliker (pp. 289-315). -- La responsabilidad contractual en la Normativa Común de Compraventa Europea / Reiner Schulze (pp. 317-337)

Effect of atorvastatin on C-reactive protein and benefits for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: analyses from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Trial

CARDS was partially funded by Diabetes UK and the National Health Service Research and Development Forum (England)