Comparison of Terrain Indices and Landform Classification Procedures in Low-Relief Agricultural Fields

Landforms control the spatial distribution of numerous factors associated with agronomy and water quality. Although curvature and slope are the fundamental surface derivatives used in landform classification procedures, methodologies for landform classifications have been performed with other terrain indices including the topographic position index (TPI) and the convergence index (CI). The objectives of this study are to compare plan curvature, the convergence index, profile curvature, and the topographic position index at various scales to determine which better identifies the spatial variability of soil phosphorus (P) within three low relief agricultural fields in central Illinois and to compare how two methods of landform classification, e.g. Pennock et al. (1987) and a modified approach to the TPI method (Weiss 2001, Jenness 2006), capture the variability of spatial soil P within an agricultural field. Soil sampling was performed on a 0.4 ha grid within three agricultural fields located near Decatur, IL and samples were analyzed for Mehlich-3 phosphorus. A 10-m DEM of the three fields was also generated from a survey performed with a real time kinematic global positioning system. The DEM was used to generate rasters of profile curvature, plan curvature, topographic position index, and convergence index in each of the three fields at scales ranging from 10 m to 150 m radii. In two of the three study sites, the TPI (r ≥ -0.42) was better correlated to soil P than profile curvature (r ≤ 0.41), while the CI (r ≥ -0.52) was better correlated to soil P than plan curvature (r ≥ -0.45) in all three sites. Although the Pennock method of landform classification failed to identify footslopes and shoulders, which are clearly part of these fields’ topographic framework, the Pennock method (R² = 0.29) and TPI method (R² = 0.30) classified landforms that captured similar amounts of soil P spatial variability in two of the three study sites. The TPI and CI should be further explored when performing terrain analysis at the agricultural field scale to create solutions for precision management objectives

Cover Crops for Managing Stream Water Quantity and Improving Stream Water Quality of Non-Tile Drained Paired Watersheds

In the Midwestern United States, cover crops are being promoted as a best management practice for managing nutrient and sediment losses from agricultural fields through surface and subsurface water movement. To date, the water quality benefits of cover crops have been inferred primarily from plot scale studies. This project is one of the first to analyze the impacts of cover crops on stream water quality at the watershed scale. The objective of this research was to evaluate nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loss in stream water from a no-till corn-soybean rotation planted with winter cover crops cereal rye (Secale cereale) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in non-tile drained paired watersheds in Illinois, USA. The paired watersheds are under mixed land use (agriculture, forest, and pasture). The control watershed had 27 ha of row-crop agriculture, and the treatment watershed had 42 ha of row crop agriculture with cover crop treatment (CC-treatment). During a 4-year calibration period, 42 storm events were collected and Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) for each storm event were calculated for total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate-N (NO3-N), ammonia-N (NH4-N), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total discharge. Predictive regression equations developed from the calibration period were used for calculating TSS, NO3-N, NH4-N, and DRP losses of surface runoff for the CC-treatment watershed. The treatment period consisted of total 18 storm events, seven of which were collected during the cereal rye, eight in the hairy vetch cover crop season and three during cash crop season. Cover crops reduced TSS and discharge by 33% and 34%, respectively in the CC-treatment watershed during the treatment period. However, surprisingly, EMCs for NO3-N, NH4-N, and DRP did not decrease. Stream discharge from the paired-watersheds will continue to be monitored to determine if the current water quality results hold or new patterns emerge

Prescribed Burning and Erosion Potential in Mixed Hardwood Forests of Southern Illinois

Prescribed fire has several benefits for managing forest ecosystems including reduction of fuel loading and invasive species and enhanced regeneration of desirable tree species. Along with these benefits there are some limitations like nutrient and sediment loss which have not been studied extensively in mixed hardwood forests. The objective of our research was to quantify the amount of sediment movement occurring on a watershed scale due to prescribed fire in a southern Illinois mixed hardwood ecosystem. The research site was located at Trail of Tears State Forest in western Union county, IL, USA and included five watershed pairs. One watershed in each pair was randomly assigned the prescribed burn treatment and the other remained as control (i.e., unburned). The prescribed burn treatment significantly reduced the litter depth with 12.6%–31.5% litter remaining in the prescribed burn treatment watersheds. When data were combined across all watersheds, no significant differences were obtained between burn treatment and control watershed for total suspended solids and sediment concentrations or loads. The annual sediment losses varied from 1.41 to 90.54 kg·ha−1·year−1 in the four prescribed burn watersheds and 0.81 to 2.54 kg·ha−1·year−1 in the four control watersheds. Prescribed burn watershed 7 showed an average soil sediment loss of 4.2 mm, whereas control watershed 8 showed an average accumulation of sediments (9.9 mm), possibly due to steeper slopes. Prescribed burning did not cause a significant increase in soil erosion and sediment loss and can be considered acceptable in managing mixed hardwood forests of Ozark uplands and the Shawnee Hills physiographic regions of southern Illinois

Sandbag Propagation data for Giant Cane

Data file is excel file having emergence and survival data of giant cane in sand bag propagation method. The excel file also contains soil moisture data of the sandbags. Please refer the materials and methods section and graphs for reading the treatment name

Data from: Innovative sandbag propagation method for giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhl.)

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Thermal Degradation studies of nitroplasticized estane 5703 utilizing [sup 13] C enriched model polymers.

Predicting the lifetime of PBX 9501 is critical to assurance of the reliability of the nuclear weapons stockpile. Ln support of the Lifetime Prediction Model, we have been investigating the physical and chemical aging processes that can potentially affect the lifetime of PBX 9501. Surveillance data of stockpile PBX 9501 binder have shown a decrease in Estane molecular weight as a fiinction of age. Estane is a poly(ester urethane) consisting of poly(buly1ene adipate) as the flexible soft segment and 4,4{prime}-methylenediphenyl-1,1{prime}-diisocyanate (MDI) chain extended with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the rigid hard segment efforts have focused on chemical reactions that may cause chain scission of Estane through hydrolytic degradation of the polyester soft segments. Thermal aging of Estane in the absence of water shows no signs of hydrolytic degradation, whereas, appearance of high molecular weight species has been observed for Estane aged at elevated temperatures in the presence of nitroplasticizer. These high molecular weight species are most likely due to branching reactions that eventually leads to formation of an insoluble, cross-linked gel. While the mechanisms of hydrolytic degradation of polyesters has been addressed, the degradations reactions of poly(ester urethane) (PESU) in the presence of NP are not well understood. We have prepared a series of isotopically enriched PESU model compounds chemically similar to Estane for aging experiments in order to understand possible cross-linking mechanisms. Changes in physical properties are observed with less than 1% chemical cross-linking. Isotopic enrichment of 13C from 1.1 % natural abundance to 100% improves the sensitivity of spectroscopic techniques so that small quantities of degradation products can be observed. Because degradation reaction mechanisms of importance may occur at the hard segment portion of the polymer, we have prepared 13C PESU with 13C labeled at the methylene carbon. These model polymers have been foi-mulated into a polymer-rich binder without stabilizer, thennally aged under different enviroimients, and examined using NMR and FTIR spectroscopy to identify degradation products and possible degradation pathways. Results of these preliminary aging studies on unstabilized polymer rich binder are presented herein