Recombinant expression and purification of the 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase from the camphor metabolizing Pseudomonas putida strain NCIMB 10007

Three different Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) were reported to be involved in the camphor metabolism by Pseudomonas putida NCIMB 10007. During (+)-camphor degradation, 2,5-diketocamphane is formed serving as substrate for the 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase. This enzyme is encoded on the CAM plasmid and depends on the cofactors FMN and NADH and hence belongs to the group of type II BVMOs. We have cloned and recombinantly expressed the oxygenating subunit of the 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase (2,5-DKCMO) in E. coli followed by His-tag-based affinity purification. A range of compounds representing different BVMO substrate classes were then investigated, but only bicyclic ketones were converted by 2,5-DKCMO used as crude cell extract or after purification. Interestingly, also (-)-camphor was oxidized, but conversion was about 3-fold lower compared to (+)-camphor. Moreover, activity of purified 2,5-DKCMO was observed in the absence of an NADH-dehydrogenase subunit

Needs, Barriers, and Support Systems for Refugee Students in Germany

This paper details the results of a study of 25 students of refugee background (SoRB) from Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan at two technical universities of applied sciences in Berlin who were participating in preparatory courses to matriculate or were already engaging in their first semesters of study. The research shares what these refugee students feel they need in order to succeed in German higher education, and what they see as barriers. The data are organized around Baker, Ramsay, Irwin and Mile’s (2017) analytical framework of hot (familiar-informal), warm (familiar-formal) and cold (unfamiliar-formal) sources of support. This study is relevant at a time of both a massification of participation in higher education leading to greater student diversification and the development of more holistic support for all students, and an increasing mood of political agitation in countries traditionally open to migration

Deciphering the Transcriptomic Heterogeneity of Duodenal Coeliac Disease Biopsies

Coeliac disease (CD) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease with variable presentation and progression triggered by gluten intake. Molecular or genetic factors contribute to disease heterogeneity, but the reasons for different outcomes are poorly understood. Transcriptome studies of tissue biopsies from CD patients are scarce. Here, we present a high-resolution analysis of the transcriptomes extracted from duodenal biopsies of 24 children and adolescents with active CD and 21 individuals without CD but with intestinal afflictions as controls. The transcriptomes of CD patients divide into three groups—a mixed group presenting the control cases, and CD-low and CD-high groups referring to lower and higher levels of CD severity. Persistence of symptoms was weakly associated with subgroup, but the highest marsh stages were present in subgroup CD-high, together with the highest cell cycle rates as an indicator of virtually complete villous atrophy. Considerable variation in inflammation-level between subgroups was further deciphered into immune cell types using cell type de-convolution. Self-organizing maps portrayal was applied to provide high-resolution landscapes of the CD-transcriptome. We find asymmetric patterns of miRNA and long non-coding RNA and discuss the effect of epigenetic regulation. Expression of genes involved in interferon gamma signaling represent suitable markers to distinguish CD from non-CD cases. Multiple pathways overlay in CD biopsies in different ways, giving rise to heterogeneous transcriptional patterns, which potentially provide information about etiology and the course of the disease

The impact of altitude on the sleep of young elite soccer players (isa3600)

Background Altitude training is used by elite athletes to improve sports performance, but it may also disrupt sleep. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two weeks at high altitude on the sleep of young elite athletes. Methods Participants (n=10) were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team on an 18-day (19-night) training camp in Bolivia, with 6 nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3,600 m). Sleep was monitored using polysomnography during a baseline night at 430 m and three nights at 3,600 m (immediately after ascent, one week after ascent, two weeks after ascent). Data were analysed using effect size statistics. Results All results are reported as comparisons with baseline. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was likely lower immediately upon ascent to altitude, possibly lower after one week, and similar after two weeks. On all three nights at altitude, hypopneas and desaturations were almost certainly higher; oxygen saturation was almost certainly lower; and central apneas, respiratory arousals, and periodic breathing were very likely higher. The effects on REM sleep were common to all but one participant, but the effects on breathing were specific to only half the participants. Conclusions The immediate effects of terrestrial altitude of 3,600 m are to reduce the amount of REM sleep obtained by young elite athletes, and to cause 50% of them to have impaired breathing during sleep. REM sleep returns to normal after two weeks at altitude, but impaired breathing does not improve

The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude: A comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600)

Background Altitude exposure causes acute sleep disruption in non-athletes, but little is known about its effects in elite athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of altitude on two groups of elite athletes, that is, sea-level natives and high-altitude natives. Methods Sea-level natives were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team (n=14). High-altitude natives were members of a Bolivian under-20 club team (n=12). Teams participated in an 18-day (19 nights) training camp in Bolivia, with 6 nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was assessed on every day/night using activity monitors. Results The Australians’ sleep was shorter, and of poorer quality, on the first night at altitude compared with sea level. Sleep quality returned to normal by the end of the first week at altitude, but sleep quantity had still not stabilised at its normal level after 2 weeks. The quantity and quality of sleep obtained by the Bolivians was similar, or greater, on all nights at altitude compared with sea level. The Australians tended to obtain more sleep than the Bolivians at sea level and altitude, but the quality of the Bolivians’ sleep tended to be better than that of the Australians at altitude. Conclusions Exposure to high altitude causes acute and chronic disruption to the sleep of elite athletes who are sea-level natives, but it does not affect the sleep of elite athletes who are high-altitude natives

Wellness, fatigue and physical performance acclimatisation to a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600)

Objectives To examine the time course of wellness, fatigue and performance during an altitude training camp (La Paz, 3600 m) in two groups of either sea-level (Australian) or altitude (Bolivian) native young soccer players. Methods Wellness and fatigue were assessed using questionnaires and resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability. Physical performance was assessed using HR responses to a submaximal run, a Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) and a 20 m sprint. Most measures were performed daily, with the exception of Yo-YoIR1 and 20 m sprints, which were performed near sea level and on days 3 and 10 at altitude. Results Compared with near sea level, Australians had moderate-to-large impairments in wellness and Yo-YoIR1 relative to the Bolivians on arrival at altitude. The acclimatisation of most measures to altitude was substantially slower in Australians than Bolivians, with only Bolivians reaching near sea-level baseline high-intensity running by the end of the camp. Both teams had moderately impaired 20 m sprinting at the end of the camp. Exercise HR had large associations (r>0.5–0.7) with changes in Yo-YoIR1 in both groups. Conclusions Despite partial physiological and perceptual acclimatisation, 2 weeks is insufficient for restoration of physical performance in young sea-level native soccer players. Because of the possible decrement in 20 m sprint time, a greater emphasis on speed training may be required during and after altitude training. The specific time course of restoration for each variable suggests that they measure different aspects of acclimatisation to 3600 m; they should therefore be used in combination to assess adaptation to altitude

dolls/puppets like mensch – dolls/puppets as artificial beings. Part 1.2

Die dritte Ausgabe der Zeitschrift denkste: puppe / just a bit of: doll (de:do), ein multi-disziplinäres Online-Journal für Mensch-Puppen-Diskurse, erscheint als Doppelheft, dessen gemeinsamer Themenschwerpunkt lautet: puppen/dolls like mensch – puppen als künstliche meschen. Mit diesem Fokus wird ein Thema aufgegriffen, das Menschen seit der Antike berührt und bis heute ihren Verstand und ihre Imagination, ihre Bedürfnisse und ihre Gefühle in Unruhe versetzt. In Mythologien, literarischen Fiktionen und Narrativen für Erwachsene und Kinder, in Werken der bildenden Künste, im Film, in mechanisch-technischen Anwendungen und Utopien, in den performativen Künsten, in der (Spiel-)Pädagogik und in den verschiedenen Bereichen der Popkultur wirft das Motiv der Puppe mit seinen unterschiedlichsten Ausdrucksformen immer auch existenzielle Fragen auf: Wer und was ist der Mensch? Die Puppe als künstlicher Mensch ist in gewisser Weise wie mensch, ohne Mensch zu sein. Als von Menschen geschaffene Abbilder, Vorbilder, Nachahmungen und Entwürfe des Menschen spiegeln und bestätigen Puppen vorhandene Lebenswelten und loten gleichzeitig Potenziale und Abgründe des Mensch-Seins zwischen Utopie und Dystopie, zwischen Neugier und Hingabe, zwischen Horror und Glückseligkeit, zwischen Macht und Ohnmacht aus. Puppen/dolls like mensch – der doppelte Wortsinn betont die gegebene Ambiguität der Puppen und die spannenden, ihnen innewohnenden Ambivalenzen. Im ersten Teilband (1.1) wird den Spuren und Erscheinungsformen des Puppenmotivs und der Puppe(n) – als literarisches Narrativ, als künstlerisches Motiv, als materialisiertes Objekt – vor allem im Kontext von bildender Kunst, Literatur, Fotografie, Theater und Androidentechnologien nachgegangen. Im zweiten Teilband (1.2) werden zum einen kinderliterarische und (spiel-)didaktische Texte akzentuiert, zum anderen sind hier verschiedene mediale und popkulturelle Formate aus den Bereichen Computerspiel, Comic-Film-Adaptation, Film (unterschiedlicher Genres) und dem Figurentheater versammelt sowie Thematisierungen der Verknüpfung von materiellen Artefakten und literarischen Narrativen. Rezensionen in Form von Essays über literarische Puppen-Narrative, eine Foto-Ausstellung und ein Ballett runden beide Ausgaben ab. Die zeitliche Spanne reicht vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart und Zukunft und zeigt einmal mehr, wie über das Narrativ der Puppe uralte Menschheitsfragen in Traditionslinien eingebunden werden und sie auf faszinierende Weisen fortschreiben.The third edition of the journal denkste: puppe / just a bit of: doll (de: do), a multidisciplinary online journal for human-doll discourses, is a double issue whose shared thematic focus is: puppen/dolls like mensch – dolls/puppets as artificial beings. With this focus, we take up a topic that has concerned mankind since ancient times and has always upset their 'minds' and 'hearts’, their needs and feelings. In mythologies, literary fictions and narratives for adults as well as for children, in works of the visual arts, in film, in mechanical-technical applications and utopias, in the performative arts, in (play-)pedagogy and in the various fields of pop culture, the motif of the doll with its various forms of expression always raises existential questions: Who is man, what is human? The doll as an artificial human being is in a certain way like mensch without being human. As man-made images, as models, imitations and designs of humans, dolls/puppets reflect and confirm existing worlds and at the same time sound out the potentials and abysses of being human between utopia and dystopia, between curiosity and devotion, between horror and bliss, between power and powerlessness. Dolls/puppets like mensch – the double meaning of these words emphasizes the given ambiguity of the dolls/puppets and the intriguing ambivalences inherent in them. In the first part of volume (1.1) the traces and manifestations of the doll motif and of doll(s) – as literary narrative, as artistic motif, as materialized object – will be explored primarily in the context of the fine arts, of literature, photography, theater and android technologies. In the second part of the volume (1.2), on the one hand, children's literature and (play)didactic texts are accentuated; on the other hand, various media and pop-cultural formats from the fields of computer games, comic-film adaptations, films (of different genres) and puppet theater performances are gathered here, as well as issues that link material artifacts and literary narratives. Reviews in the form of essays on literary doll narratives, a photo exhibition and a ballet round off both editions. The time span extends from the Middle Ages to the present and future and shows once again how age-old questions regarding mankind and humanity are integrated into traditional lines and are carried on continuously in fascinating ways

The Metagenome-Derived Enzymes LipS and LipT Increase the Diversity of Known Lipases

Triacylglycerol lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze both hydrolysis and synthesis reactions with a broad spectrum of substrates rendering them especially suitable for many biotechnological applications. Most lipases used today originate from mesophilic organisms and are susceptible to thermal denaturation whereas only few possess high thermotolerance. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of two novel thermostable bacterial lipases identified by functional metagenomic screenings. Metagenomic libraries were constructed from enrichment cultures maintained at 65 to 75°C and screened resulting in the identification of initially 10 clones with lipolytic activities. Subsequently, two ORFs were identified encoding lipases, LipS and LipT. Comparative sequence analyses suggested that both enzymes are members of novel lipase families. LipS is a 30.2 kDa protein and revealed a half-life of 48 h at 70°C. The lipT gene encoded for a multimeric enzyme with a half-life of 3 h at 70°C. LipS had an optimum temperature at 70°C and LipT at 75°C. Both enzymes catalyzed hydrolysis of long-chain (C12 and C14) fatty acid esters and additionally hydrolyzed a number of industry-relevant substrates. LipS was highly specific for (R)-ibuprofen-phenyl ester with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 99%. Furthermore, LipS was able to synthesize 1-propyl laurate and 1-tetradecyl myristate at 70°C with rates similar to those of the lipase CalB from Candida antarctica. LipS represents the first example of a thermostable metagenome-derived lipase with significant synthesis activities. Its X-ray structure was solved with a resolution of 1.99 Å revealing an unusually compact lid structure

Soccer activity profile of altitude versus sea-level natives during acclimatisation to 3600 m (ISA3600)

Objectives We investigated the effect of high altitude on the match activity profile of elite youth high altitude and sea level residents.Methods Twenty Sea Level (Australian) and 19 Altitude-resident (Bolivian) soccer players played five games, two near sea level (430 m) and three in La Paz (3600 m). Match activity profile was quantified via global positioning system with the peak 5 min period for distance ((D5peak)) and high velocity running (>4.17 m/s, HIVR5peak); as well as the 5 min period immediately subsequent to the peak for both distance (D5sub) and high-velocity running (HIVR5sub) identified using a rolling 5 min epoch. The games at 3600 m were compared with the average of the two near sea-level games.Results The total distance per minute was reduced by a small magnitude in the first match at altitude in both teams, without any change in low-velocity running. There were variable changes in HiVR, D5peak and HiVR5peak from match to match for each team. There were within-team reductions in D5peak in each game at altitude compared with those at near sea level, and this reduction was greater by a small magnitude in Australians than Bolivians in game 4. The effect of altitude on HiVR5peak was moderately lower in Australians compared with Bolivians in game 3. There was no clear difference in the effect of altitude on maximal accelerations between teams.Conclusions High altitude reduces the distance covered by elite youth soccer players during matches. Neither 13 days of acclimatisation nor lifelong residence at high altitude protects against detrimental effects of altitude on match activity profile

Bernhard Nathanael Gottlob Schreger (1766-1825). Leben und Werk

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist das Leben und Werk des Chirurgen Bernhard Nathanael Gottlob Schreger (1766-1825). Nachdem Schreger in Leipzig sein Medizinstudium absolviert hatte, erreichte ihn 1793 ein Ruf nach Altdorf, wo er vier Jahre eine außerordentliche Professur für Anatomie, Chirurgie und Geburtshilfe innehatte. Anschließend nahm er einen Ruf als ordentlicher Professor für Medizin und Chirurgie in Erlangen an. Hier verbrachte er die letzten 28 Jahre bis zu seinem Lebensende. Während Schregers Schaffenszeit wurden ihm einige Ehrungen zuteil. Im Jahre 1804 fand seine Ernennung zum preußischen Hofrat statt; zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Gesellschaften, darunter die „Kaiserlich Leopoldinische Gesellschaft der Naturforscher“, wählten ihn zum Mitglied. Darüber hinaus zählte er 1808 zu den Mitbegründern der „Physikalisch-medizinischen Sozietät“ in Erlangen. Schreger war Zeuge einer Umbruchzeit um die Wende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert. Veränderungen auf kultureller, staatlicher und sozialer Ebene zogen Neuerungen in einem Land nach sich, das sich vom Heiligen Römischen Reich deutscher Nation zum Deutschen Bund mit einer eigenen Verfassungsgrundlage entwickelt hatte. Die Reichsstadt Nürnberg und das dazu gehörige Altdorf sowie die brandenburgisch-preußische Kleinstadt Erlangen kamen in diesem Zeitraum unter die neue bayerische Krone. Unter den Gedanken der Aufklärung setzte die Industrialisierung ein und die Welt der Naturwissenschaften wurde neu geordnet. Zudem zeichnete sich eine verstärkte Hinwendung zur Wissenschaft und zu einer Forschung ab, die durch Empirismus und Besinnung auf den eigenen Verstand praktiziert werden sollte. Naturgesetze sollten experimentell jederzeit reproduzierbar sein. Sowohl dieser neue Wissenschaftsbegriff als auch ein verändertes Gesundheitsbewusstsein revolutionierten die Medizin. Die Bildungsreformen in Preußen von Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) und seine Denkschrift über die Organisation des Medizinalwesens von 1809 trieben diese Prozesse voran. So ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass Schregers Zeitgenossen diese Periode als einen Zeitraum der rasanten Entwicklung erlebten. Schreger hinterließ zahlreiche Kasuistiken, die einen Blick in seine Tätigkeit als Chirurg zulassen. Anhand dieser detailgetreuen Fallbeschreibungen ist es möglich, die Arbeit eines Chirurgen um die Jahrhundertwende vom 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert nachzuvollziehen. Schreger entwickelte nicht nur neue Operationsmethoden, sondern auch neuartige Instrumente, mit denen er Operationsabläufe verbessern wollte. Unter den damaligen Umständen bestritten Schreger und seine Kollegen sämtliche Eingriffe ohne Asepsis, Antisepsis oder Anästhesie. Viele Operationen bargen deswegen ein hohes Risiko, da immer die Gefahr von Blutverlust, Infektionen und Traumata bestand. In dieser Arbeit werden neben Schregers therapeutischen Tätigkeiten neue Aspekte untersucht, die ihn als facettenreichen Gelehrten auszeichnen. Sein Schaffen als Wissenschaftler und Universitätslehrer tragen zu dieser Vielseitigkeit bei. Ein Chirurg, der neben seiner therapeutischen Tätigkeit wissenschaftlich publizierte und als akademischer Lehrer an der Universität arbeitete, erscheint aus heutiger Sicht nicht außergewöhnlich. Schreger befand sich jedoch in einer Umbruchzeit, in der die Chirurgie erst im Begriff war, sich zur Wissenschaft zu entwickeln; ein akademischer Chirurg war keinesfalls die Regel. Korrelierend zu diesem Prozess hatte Schreger seine beachtliche Karriere in dieser Zeit des allgemeinen Wandels aufbauen können. Schreger lebte in einer Zeit, in der die Medizin von unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Strömungen beeinflusst wurde. Die Lehren des schottischen Arztes John Brown (1735-1788), des Vitalisten William Cullen (1710-1790) und des italienischen Physiologen und Naturwissenschaftlers Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) wurden von Schreger aufmerksam studiert. Die Humoralpathologie entwickelte sich zur Solidarpathologie und die Anatomie rückte bei den Chirurgen in den Blickpunkt des Interesses. Schreger unternahm seit Beginn seiner Schaffenszeit anatomisch-pathologische Nachbeurteilungen mit Hilfe von Sektion und Autopsie. Als „Begründer der chirurgischen Anatomie“, wie Heinrich Rohlfs (1827-1898) ihn nannte, legte er zudem Wert auf Kenntnisse in der Zergliederungskunst als wichtige Voraussetzung für die sichere Ausübung der Chirurgie. Robert Campbell bestätigte Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, dass der junge Chirurg ein „akkurater Anatom“ sein müsse und nicht spekulativ sondern praktisch die Anatomie zu betreiben habe: „Andernfalls muss er sich als bloßer Stümper erweisen.“ In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts etablierte sich die Form der Forschungsuniversität, an der überliefertes Wissen nicht nur weitergegeben, sondern auch durch neue Erkenntnisse erweitert wurde. Die Universitäten in Leipzig, Altdorf und Erlangen stellten für Schreger eine Plattform dar, auf der er wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse sowohl erlangen, als auch lehren konnte. Das Erlanger Clinicum chirurgicum als universitäre Institution ermöglichte die Fortführung seiner Lehrtätigkeit. Schregers Gründung dieser ersten chirurgischen Klinik in Erlangen mit Hilfe von Friedrich Wendt (1738-1818) im Jahr 1815 gehört zweifellos zu seinen nachhaltigsten Taten. Auf diese Weise schuf er eine chirurgische Ausbildungsstätte für den praxisnahen Unterricht am Krankenbett. Das Clinicum chirurgicum wurde die erste klinische Institution der Fakultät. Außerdem eröffnete sich für Schreger durch das Clinicum chirurgicum die Möglichkeit, wertvolle wissenschaftliche Erfahrungen zu sammeln, die er publizieren konnte. In dieser Arbeit wird die Möglichkeit ergriffen, das umfangreiche Schaffen eines Universitätschirurgen darzustellen, der sich im Spannungsfeld zwischen der alten Chirurgie und der Chirurgie einer neuen Epoche befand. Als akademischer Chirurg und klinischer Universitätslehrer war er nicht mehr Teil der alten Chirurgie, während er den Durchbruch der neuen Chirurgie mit Anästhesie und Asepsis gleichwohl nicht mehr erlebte. Gleichzeitig befand er sich in einer Umbruchzeit, die sich über die wissenschaftliche Ebene hinaus auf sämtliche gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Bereiche ausbreitete. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll Schregers Tätigkeit als Lehrer, Wissenschaftler und schließlich als chirurgischer Therapeut beleuchtet werden. Die Betrachtung Schregers aus diesen verschiedenen Blickwinkeln ermöglicht letztendlich einen vielschichtigen Eindruck von Leben und Werk eines akademischen Chirurgen um 1800.Subject of this thesis is the life and opus of the surgeon Bernhard Nathanael Gottlob Schreger (1766-1825). Having completed his studies at the University in Leipzig, Schreger got a reputation to Altdorf in 1793, where he held for four years a non-tenured professorship in anatomy, surgery and midwifery. After this, he took up a position as a tenured professor for medicine and surgery in Erlangen. There, he spent the rest of his life. Along the way, he has received a numerous honours. In the year 1804 took place his appointment to the prussian court counsellor; a large number of scientific societies, including the “Kaiserlich Leopoldinische Gesellschaft der Naturforscher“ elected him as a member. Furthermore, he was one of the founders of the „Physikalisch-medizinischen Sozietät“ in Erlangen. Schreger witnessed a time of radical change at the turn of the 19th century. Changes at the cultural, social and political level resulted innovations in a country, that had developed from the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to the German Federation with their own constitutional foundation. At this time, the bavarian reign ruled the imperial city Nuremberg and the associated Altdorf as well as the brandenburgisch-prussian provincial town Erlangen. With the idea of the Enlightenment the industrialisation began and the world of the natural sciences has been reordered. In addition, a stronger interest in a science and research, that should be practised by empiricism and reflection on the own mind, became apparent. Natural laws should have been reproducible at any time. Both, this new concept of science and a changing health-consciousness revolutionised the medicine. The education reforms in Prussia of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) and his memorandum on the organisation of the medical care (1809) pushed these processes. It is therefore not surprising that Schregers contemporaries experienced this time as a period of rapid development. Schreger has left numerous casuistries, that allow a view in his activity as a surgeon. On the basis of these case descriptions it is able to relate to the work of a surgeon at the turn of the 19th century. Schreger developed not only new operational techniques, but also new instruments to improve surgical procederes. Under the circumstances of the time all operations have been contested bey Schreger and his colleagues without asepsis, antisepsis and anaesthesia. Many operations involved a high risk because of the always existent danger of blood loss, infection and trauma. Additionally to Schregers therapeutic skills, new issues, that show his function as a manifold scholar, are discussed in this thesis. His work as a scientist and professor contribute to this versatility. From today's point of view, a surgeon, who published scientific papers and worked as a professor beside his therapeutic activities, seems not unusually. However, Schreger was in a time of transition, when surgery was about to develop to a science; an academic surgeon was not the norm, at all. Correlated to this process, Schreger was able to develop a remarkable academic career. Schreger lived in a time, when different scientific approaches affected the medicine. The teachings of the Scottish physician John Brown (1735-1788), of the vitalist William Cullen (1710-1790) and of the Italian Physiologists and natural scientist Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) have been carefully evaluated by Schreger. The humoral pathology developed to the solidism and for the surgeons, the anatomy moved into the centre of attention. Since the beginning of his work, Schreger undertook anatomo-pathological revisions by means of autopsies. As the “founder of surgical anatomy”, as Heinrich Rohlfs (1827-1898) called him, he placed value in knowledges in anatomy as an essential precondition for a succesful surgery. Robert Campbell confirmed at the end of the 19th century, that the young surgeon must be an accurate anatomist, otherwise he would be a real bumbler. In the first half of the 19th century, the form of research university was established. There, traditional knowledge was not only handed down but also expanded with further knowledge. For Schreger, the universities of Leipzig, Altdorf and Erlangen were a platform, on which he could both, gaining scientific knowledge and doing his lessons as a professor. The Erlanger “Clinicum chirurgicum” as an academic institution made the continuation of his teaching activities possible. Without a doubt, Schregers foundation of this first surgical clinic in Erlangen by means of Friedrich Wendt (1738-1818) in the year 1815 was one of his most sustainable achievements. That way, he created a surgical educational institution for bedside-teaching. The Clinicum chirurgicum became the first clinical institution of the faculty. Furthermore, for Schreger the Clinicum chirurgicum opend up the possibility to gather scientific experiences, he could publish. This thesis shows the extensive work of a university surgeon, who was beeing pulled between the old surgery and the surgery of a new age. As an academical surgeon and clinical professor he wasn’t part of the old surgery anymore, nevertheless, he did not live to see the breakthrough of the new surgery with anesthesia and asepsis. At once, he was in a period of transition, that influenced beyond the scientific level the social and economic field. Against this backdrop, Schregers activity as a teacher, scientist and, finally, surgical therapist should be illuminated. Analysing Schreger from different points of view enables a complex impression of the life and work of an academic surgeon around 1800