Methodological factors affecting gas and methane production during in vitro rumen fermentation evaluated by meta-analysis approach

Effects of some methodological factors on in vitro measures of gas production (GP, mL/g DM), CH4 production (mL/g DM) and proportion (% CH4 on total GP) were investigated by meta-analysis. These factors were considered: pressure in the GP equipment (0 = constant; 1 = increasing), incubation time (0 = 24; 1 = 65 48 h), time of rumen fluid collection (0 = before feeding; 1 = after feeding of donor animals), donor species of rumen fluid (0 = sheep; 1 = bovine), presence of N in the buffer solution (0 = presence; 1 = absence), and ratio between amount of buffered rumen fluid and feed sample (BRF/FS; 0 = 64 130 mL/g DM; 1 = 130\u2013140 mL/g DM; 2 = 65 140 mL/g DM). The NDF content of feed sample incubated (NDF) was considered as a continuous variable. From an initial database of 105 papers, 58 were discarded because one of the above-mentioned factors was not stated. After discarding 17 papers, the final dataset comprised 30 papers (339 observations). A preliminary mixed model analysis was carried out on experimental data considering the study as random factor. Variables adjusted for study effect were analyzed using a backward stepwise analysis including the above-mentioned variables. The analysis showed that the extension of incubation time and reduction of NDF increased GP and CH4 values. Values of GP and CH4 also increased when rumen fluid was collected after feeding compared to before feeding (+26.4 and +9.0 mL/g DM, for GP and CH4), from bovine compared to sheep (+32.8 and +5.2 mL/g DM, for GP and CH4), and when the buffer solution did not contain N (+24.7 and +6.7 mL/g DM for GP and CH4). The increase of BRF/FS ratio enhanced GP and CH4 production (+7.7 and +3.3 mL/g DM per each class of increase, respectively). In vitro techniques for measuring GP and CH4 production are mostly used as screening methods, thus a full standardization of such techniques is not feasible. However, a greater harmonization of analytical procedures (i.e., a reduction in the number of available protocols) would be useful to facilitate comparison between results of different experiments

An overview of broadband connectivity: insights from Brazil/ Panorama sobre a conectividade de banda larga: insights para o Brasil

The broadband market in Brazil is constantly evolving. We provide a legal basis and particularities of fixed and mobile broadband data, as well as a historical perspective of the beginning of the Internet in the country. We focus on the evolution of access density as the main metric of analysis, however we highlight other variables such as technology employed, payment modality and infrastructure by providers in the Brazilian telecom sector. According to Anatel (2021), responsible for regulating the market, in Brazil 56 in 100 households are connected to fixed broadband, while 101 in each 100 individuals have access to mobile broadband. We present incipient literature studying the effects of Internet expansion on the economy and social outcomes, highlighting important themes for future research

Association of Maternal age 35 years and over and prenatal care utilization, preterm birth, and low birth weight, Mexico 2008–2019

Objective: We compared prenatal care utilization, preterm birth, and low birth weight neonates among women 35 years and older compared to women 20-34 years old in Mexico, 2008-2019. Methods: We used birth certificate data and conducted a historical cohort study of all singleton live births in Mexico from 2008-2019. Study outcomes were inadequate prenatal care (timing of initiation of care and number of visits), preterm birth, and low birth weight. We compared outcomes among women 35-39, 40-44, and 45-49 with births to women 20-34. We used logistic regression to account for individual and contextual confounders. Results: We included a total of N=19,526,922 births; 11.9% (n=2,325,725) were to women 35 and older. Compared to women aged 20 to 34, the oldest (45-49 years old) were more likely to reside in poorer communities, have less education, and be uninsured. The odds of inadequate prenatal care (aOR 1.12 95% CI 1.09-1.15 p Conclusion: Women who deliver at 35 years old and over are a heterogeneous group in Mexico. Being 35 years old and older is associated with increases in preterm birth and low birth weight neonates. Women who give birth between 45-49 may be especially vulnerable

Impacto das políticas de promoção sobre diversidade demográfica e performance no poder público

O processo de promoção no setor público é usualmente balizado em critérios de desempenho e/ou experiência (Oecd, 1997; Sharma; Sharma, 2002). Apesar da sua ampla adoção nacional e internacionalmente, não há avaliações sobre o impacto desses critérios. Explorando especificidades institucionais do Poder Judiciário estadual, este trabalho avalia o impacto dos diferentes critérios de promoção – merecimento e antiguidade – sobre a probabilidade de promoção de juízes do gênero feminino e sobre o perfil do magistrado promovido. A identificação do efeito é possível devido à regra de alternância do critério entre os processos de promoção dos magistrados e devido à disponibilidade de ampla gama de informações sobre performance e características de juízes e varas dos tribunais de justiça estaduais de primeira instância.Caderno Enap, 100Coleção: Cátedras 2019Gestão de PessoasGestão PúblicaPolíticas Pública

Influence of main dietary chemical constituents on the in vitro gas and methane production in diets for dairy cows

BACKGROUND: Modification of chemical composition of diets fed to dairy cows might be a good strategy to reduce methane (CH(4)) production in the rumen. Notable reductions of CH(4) production compared to conventional high-roughages rations were more frequently observed for very concentrated diets or when fat supplements were used. In these cases, the reduction in the gas emission was mainly a consequence of an overall impairment of rumen function with a reduction of fiber digestibility. These strategies do not always comply with feeding standards used in intensive dairy farms and they are usually not applied owing to the risks of negative health and economic consequences. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of seven commercial diets with contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), protein and lipids ranging 325 to 435 g/kg DM, 115 to 194 g/kg DM, and 26 to 61 g/kg DM, respectively, on in vitro degradability, gas (GP), and CH(4) production. RESULTS: In this experiment, changes in the dietary content of NDF, crude protein (CP) and lipids were always obtained at the expense or in favor of starch. A decreased of the dietary NDF content increased NDF (NDFd) and true DM (TDMd) degradability, and increased CH(4) production per g of incubated DM (P < 0.001), but not that per g of TDMd. An increase of the dietary CP level did not change in vitro NDFd and TDMd, decreased GP per g of incubated DM (P < 0.001), but CH(4) production per g of TDMd was not affected. An increased dietary lipid content reduced NDFd, TDMd, and GP per g of incubated DM, but it had no consequence on CH(4) production per g of TDMd. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that, under commercial conditions, changes in dietary composition would produce small or negligible alterations of CH(4) production per unit of TDMd, but greater differences in GP and CH(4) production would be expected when these amounts are expressed per unit of DM intake. The use of TDMd as a standardizing parameter is proposed to account for possible difference in DM intake and productivity

The short-term supplementation of monacolin K improves the lipid and metabolic patterns of hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk

A nutraceutical compound containing 10 mg of MK appeared to be safe, well tolerated and effective at improving lipid and glucose patterns