Discovering alternative visual art programs for California schools

The economic state of the California public school system has significantly declined throughout the past decade. Specifically, government funds for art education in schools have been cut. This paper will support the argument for art education in public schools by discussing the history of arts in California and the correlation between visual arts and student achievement. Evidence to support this argument will include how critical the aesthetic and cultural development skills imbedded in art are for our future society to study and appreciate. This paper will present methodology for alternative actions to improvement and change the art education in California Public Schools

La condizione dell'immigrato tra pericolosità sociale e società pericolosa

In the Criminal Code, the conditions for the application and (potentially unlimited) extension of the execution of personal security measures are also defined with reference to the "conditions of individual, family and social life". Anyone who does not have a social context of reference and has committed "a fact foreseen by the law as a crime" (not necessarily serious) therefore risks confinement in a hospital facility for the execution of security measures (REMS) for a potentially unlimited period of time. This is also why the presence of immigrants in institutions for the implementation of security measures is increasing. Reform, already attempted with Law 103/2017, now appears increasingly urgent

Reati di opinione, offensività e problemi probatori

Even in recent times, faced with real or presumed criminal emergencies, the Italian legislator has not avoided the risk of incriminating the freedom of expression. The exiguous margin of constitutional legitimacy of the crimes of opinion remains bound to the possibility of a criminal relevance of the psychic causality, but the difficulty of proving the motivational efficacy of the offending conduct compromises the effectiveness of the legislative choices

La «longue durée» della cultura manicomiale nella legislazione italiana: dalla legge n.180/1978 al «superamento degli ospedali psichiatrici giudiziari

It has only been since 1994 that the strategies for the real application of law no. 180 /1978 have been defined and implemented in Italy. The law was and still is thoroughly avant-garde on the international scene regarding the closure and replacement of psychiatric hospitals. However, the deeply rooted, centuries-old asylum culture led to a 16-year delay in the implementation of the reforms which continued until recently. To complete the work begun in 1978, the decision was made to proceed with the "definitive closure of judicial psychiatric hospitals" by passing Law no .9 /2012. To adapt this new law to the principles of law no.180 /1978, the relative provisions were amended six times in less than two years. From a historiographical perspective, the «longue durée» theorised by the French Annales school offers a useful reference model for an adequate explanation of such long periods and persistent uncertainties. On the other hand, in political-economic terms, the difficulties of social inclusion of the “deviant”, the “psychically disturbed” and the “inefficient” correspond perfectly to a “one-way” production model that is entirely in accordance with the “logic of capital” which leaves little room for political, economic and social solidarity

As implicações jurídicas de uma ciência social: política criminal, Direito Penal e Estado Social de Direito

  Apresenta-se um novo modelo de ciência penal, baseado nas propostas de Claus Roxin, Alessandro Baratta e Eugênio Zaffaroni, onde a política criminal ultrapassa o tecnicismo jurídico e impacta a práxis do Direito e da política (sistemas jurídico e político), com o escopo de salvaguardar os postulados civilizatórios mais básicos insculpidos no ideário dos direitos fundamentais difundidos em nossas sociedades. Nesse contexto, tem-se em conta a dimensão jurídica da política criminal enquanto ciência social e como fonte dos valores basilares do Estado Social de Direito. Assim, identifica-se um novo fundamento de toda a ação do Estado: a função integral de tutelar as garantias constitucionais e sobrepujar o afã punitivista. Do cotejo das teorias estudadas, extrai-se o novo modelo supracitado de integração entre criminologia e Direito Penal, que tem por finalidade precípua tratar o ser humano como um fim em si mesmo e reafirmar as estratégias de prevenção primária para afastar os obstáculos que limitam, de fato, a liberdade, a igualdade e a participação democrática, como função norteadora e interditória ao legislador e ao jurista

Re\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3eO\u3csub\u3e7\u3c/sub\u3e-catalyzed reaction of hemiacetals and aldehydes with O-, S-, and C-nucleophiles

Re(VII) oxides catalyze the acetalization, monoperoxyacetalization, monothioacetalization and allylation of hemiacetals. The reactions, which take place under mild conditions and at low catalyst loadings, can be conducted using hemiacetals, the corresponding O-silyl ethers, and, in some cases, the acetal dimers. Aldehydes react under similar conditions to furnish good yields of dithioacetals. Reactions of hemiacetals with nitrogen nucleophiles are unsuccessful. 1,2-Dioxolan-3-ols (peroxyhemiacetals) undergo Re(VII)-promoted etherification but not allylation. Hydroperoxyacetals (1-alkoxyhydroperoxides) undergo selective exchange of the alkoxide group in the presence of either Re2O7 or a Brønsted acid

\u3ci\u3eIn vitro\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3ein vivo\u3c/i\u3e activity of 3-alkoxy-1,2- dioxolanes against \u3ci\u3eSchistosoma mansoni\u3c/i\u3e

Objectives: Compounds characterized by a peroxidic skeleton are an interesting starting point for antischistosomal drug discovery. Previously a series of 3-alkoxy-1,2-dioxolanes, which are chemically stable cyclic peroxides, demonstrated significant in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. We aimed to evaluate the potential of these compounds against Schistosoma mansoni and elucidate the roles of iron and peroxidic groups in activity. Methods: Drugs were tested against juvenile and adult stages of S. mansoni in vitro and in vivo. Selected structures were assessed in vitro against schistosomes in the presence of additional iron sources. In addition, drugs were tested in vitro and in vivo against Echinostoma caproni, a non-blood-feeding intestinal fluke. Finally, the activity of non-peroxidic analogues was evaluated. Results: Three dioxolanes displayed IC50s ≤20.1 μM against adult schistosomes and values as low as 4.2 μM against newly transformed schistosomula. Nonetheless, only moderate, nonsignificant worm burden reductions were observed after treatment of mice harbouring adult infections. Drugs lacked activity against juvenile schistosomes in vivo. Two selected dioxolanes showed in vitro activity against E. caproni down to concentrations of 5 mg/L, but none of the compounds revealed in vivo activity. All tested non-peroxidic analogues lacked activity in vitro against both parasites. Conclusions Selected dioxolanes presented interesting in vitro activity, but low in vivo activities have to be overcome to identify a lead candidate. Although the inactivity of non-peroxidic analogues underlines the necessity of a peroxide functional group, incubation of adult schistosomes with additional iron sources did not alter activity, supporting an iron-independent mode of activation

\u3ci\u3eIn vitro\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3ein vivo\u3c/i\u3e activity of 3-alkoxy-1,2- dioxolanes against \u3ci\u3eSchistosoma mansoni\u3c/i\u3e

Objectives: Compounds characterized by a peroxidic skeleton are an interesting starting point for antischistosomal drug discovery. Previously a series of 3-alkoxy-1,2-dioxolanes, which are chemically stable cyclic peroxides, demonstrated significant in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. We aimed to evaluate the potential of these compounds against Schistosoma mansoni and elucidate the roles of iron and peroxidic groups in activity. Methods: Drugs were tested against juvenile and adult stages of S. mansoni in vitro and in vivo. Selected structures were assessed in vitro against schistosomes in the presence of additional iron sources. In addition, drugs were tested in vitro and in vivo against Echinostoma caproni, a non-blood-feeding intestinal fluke. Finally, the activity of non-peroxidic analogues was evaluated. Results: Three dioxolanes displayed IC50s ≤20.1 μM against adult schistosomes and values as low as 4.2 μM against newly transformed schistosomula. Nonetheless, only moderate, nonsignificant worm burden reductions were observed after treatment of mice harbouring adult infections. Drugs lacked activity against juvenile schistosomes in vivo. Two selected dioxolanes showed in vitro activity against E. caproni down to concentrations of 5 mg/L, but none of the compounds revealed in vivo activity. All tested non-peroxidic analogues lacked activity in vitro against both parasites. Conclusions Selected dioxolanes presented interesting in vitro activity, but low in vivo activities have to be overcome to identify a lead candidate. Although the inactivity of non-peroxidic analogues underlines the necessity of a peroxide functional group, incubation of adult schistosomes with additional iron sources did not alter activity, supporting an iron-independent mode of activation