Asiantuntijalausunto perustuslakivaliokunnalle

(HE) 45/2001 vp rikosoikeudellista vanhentumista koskevien säännösten uudistamiseks

Asiantuntijalausunto perustuslakivaliokunnalle

HE 269/2002 vp laiksi yhdenvertaisuuden turvaamisesta sekä eräiden siihen liittyvien lakien muuttamisest

Reforming the Doctorate in the Social Sciences : a report on good practice

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: CompilationThis report responds to the changing nature of doctoral education and the need to engage in a reflection andreform process, especially during times of economic downturn when public university funding comes under increasing threat. It is based on a project that was initiated by the European University Institute (EUI) in late 2015 to provide a neutral forum for discussion. A distinguished Task Force of eminent professors from across Europe carried out the mandate to identify 'good practice' in doctoral education. As general discussions on the doctorate tend to pay main attention to medicine and STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects, this project was to focus specifically on doctoral education in the social sciences (broadly understood). This focus also distinguishes the present project from much important work that has been done by the European University Association (EUA), the largest representative body of higher education at a European level which seeks to promote European policies, networking opportunities, and the visibility of European universities more generally. The compilation of good practice in the present report has no regulatory function, as it was assessed and collected by active academics and not policymakers; but it is expected to be of use as a first necessary mapping of good practice in doctoral education in social sciences

Optimoidun toipumisen ohjelmat vatsaelinkirurgiassa

English summar

Perustuslakivaliokunta

HE 247 laiksi työntekijäin eläkelain 9 §:n poikkeuksel¬lisesta soveltamisesta vuonna 1994 sekä laiksi työnteki¬jäin työeläkemaksun ja työttömyysvakuutusmaksun huomioon ottamisesta eräissä päivärahoissa sekä HE 248 laiksi kansaneläkelaissa säädettyjen eläkkeiden ja avustusten sitomisesta elinkustannuksiin annetun lain poikkeuksel¬lisesta soveltamisesta vuonna (ja HE 233 laiksi työttö-myysturvalain 25 §:n poikkeuksellisesta soveltamisest

Effect of Inhaled Xenon on Cerebral White Matter Damage in Comatose Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE: Evidence from preclinical models indicates that xenon gas can prevent the development of cerebral damage after acute global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but, thus far, these putative neuroprotective properties have not been reported in human studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of inhaled xenon on ischemic white matter damage assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized single-blind phase 2 clinical drug trial conducted between August 2009 and March 2015 at 2 multipurpose intensive care units in Finland. One hundred ten comatose patients (aged 24-76 years) who had experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were randomized. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours (n = 55 in the xenon group) or hypothermia treatment alone (n = 55 in the control group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was cerebral white matter damage as evaluated by fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor MRI scheduled to be performed between 36 and 52 hours after cardiac arrest. Secondary end points included neurological outcome assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (score 0 [no symptoms] through 6 [death]) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 110 randomized patients (mean age, 61.5 years; 80 men [72.7%]), all completed the study. There were MRI data from 97 patients (88.2%) a median of 53 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 47-64 hours) after cardiac arrest. The mean global fractional anisotropy values were 0.433 (SD, 0.028) in the xenon group and 0.419 (SD, 0.033) in the control group. The age-, sex-, and site-adjusted mean global fractional anisotropy value was 3.8% higher (95% CI, 1.1%-6.4%) in the xenon group (adjusted mean difference, 0.016 [95% CI, 0.005-0.027], P = .006). At 6 months, 75 patients (68.2%) were alive. Secondary end points at 6 months did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups. In ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, the median (IQR) value was 1 (1-6) in the xenon group and 1 (0-6) in the control group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .68). The 6-month mortality rate was 27.3% (15/55) in the xenon group and 34.5% (19/55) in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = .053). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone resulted in less white matter damage as measured by fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor MRI. However, there was no statistically significant difference in neurological outcomes or mortality at 6 months. These preliminary findings require further evaluation in an adequately powered clinical trial designed to assess clinical outcomes associated with inhaled xenon among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00879892

Tolerability of ORM-12741 and effects on episodic memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Introduction ORM-12741 is a novel selective antagonist of alpha-2C adrenoceptors. This trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of ORM-12741 in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory phase 2a trial was conducted in 100 subjects with AD and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Participants were randomized to receive one of two flexible doses of ORM-12741 (30–60 mg or 100–200 mg) or placebo b.i.d. for 12 weeks in addition to standard therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors. Efficacy was assessed primarily with the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerized assessment system and secondarily with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Results A statistically significant treatment effect was seen in one of the four primary CDR system end points, Quality of Episodic Memory (P = .030; not adjusted for multiple comparisons), favoring ORM-12741 over placebo. NPI caregiver distress scores also favored ORM-12741 (P = .034). ORM-12741 was well tolerated. Discussion This is the first clinical trial providing evidence on an acceptable safety profile for ORM-12741 in patients with AD and neuropsychiatric symptoms. In addition, the trial provided hints of potential therapeutic benefit, primarily on episodic memory, in this patient population

Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Beta-amyloid Pathology -Applicability of Positron Emission Tomography with the Amyloid Radioligand 11C-PIB

Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Beta-amyloid Pathology -Applicability of Positron Emission Tomography with the Amyloid Radioligand 11C-PIB Accumulation of beta amyloid (Abeta) in the brain is characteristic for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Carbon-11 labeled 2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (11C-PIB) is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging agent that appears to be applicable for in vivo Abeta plaque detection and quantitation. The biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 11C-PIB were investigated in 16 healthy subjects. The reproducibility of a simplified 11C-PIB quantitation method was evaluated with a test-retest study on 6 AD patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Brain 11C-PIB uptake and its possible association with brain atrophy rates were studied over a two-year follow-up in 14 AD patients and 13 healthy controls. Nine monozygotic and 8 dizygotic twin pairs discordant for cognitive impairment and 9 unrelated controls were examined to determine whether brain Abeta accumulation could be detected with 11C-PIB PET in cognitively intact persons who are at increased genetic risk for AD. The highest absorbed radiation dose was received by the gallbladder wall (41.5 mjuGy/MBq). About 20 % of the injected radioactivity was excreted into urine, and the effective whole-body radiation dose was 4.7 mjuSv/MBq. Such a dose allows repeated scans of individual subjects. The reproducibility of the simplified 11C-PIB quantitation was good or excellent both at the regional level (VAR 0.9-5.5 %) and at the voxel level (VAR 4.2-6.4 %). 11C-PIB uptake did not increase during 24 months’ follow-up of subjects with mild or moderate AD, even though brain atrophy and cognitive decline progressed. Baseline neocortical 11C-PIB uptake predicted subsequent volumetric brain changes in healthy control subjects (r = 0.725, p = 0.005). Cognitively intact monozygotic co-twins – but not dizygotic co-twins – of memory-impaired subjects exhibited increased 11C-PIB uptake (117-121 % of control mean) in their temporal and parietal cortices and the posterior cingulate (p11C-PIB PET may be a useful method for patient selection and follow-up for early-phase intervention trials of novel therapeutic agents. AD might be detectable in high-risk individuals in its presymptomatic stage with 11C-PIB PET, which would have important consequences both for future diagnostics and for research on disease-modifying treatments.Alzheimerin taudin beta-amyloidipatologian varhainen toteaminen. 11C-PIB-amyloidimerkkiaineella tehtävän positroniemissiotomografian soveltuvuus Beeta-amyloidin (Abeta) kertyminen aivoihin on tyypillistä Alzheimerin taudille (AT). Hiili-11-isotoopilla leimattu 2-(4’-metyyliaminofenyyli)-6-hydroksibentsotiatsoli (11C-PIB) on uusi positroniemissiotomografiassa (PET) käytettävä merkkiaine, joka vaikuttaa soveltuvan amyloidiplakkien toteamiseen ja niiden määrän arvioimiseen. 11C-PIB:n jakautumista kehossa ja sen aiheuttamaa säderasitusta tutkittiin 16 terveellä henkilöllä. Yksinkertaistettujen 11C-PIB-analyysimenetelmien toistettavuutta selvitettiin toistomittausasetelmalla 6 AT-potilaalla ja 4 terveellä verrokilla. 11C-PIB-kertymän muutosta sekä 11C-PIB-kertymän ja aivojen kutistumisnopeuden välistä suhdetta mitattiin kahden vuoden seurantatutkimuksella, jossa oli 14 AT-potilasta ja 13 tervettä verrokkia. Tutkimalla 9 samanmunaista ja 8 erimunaista muistihäiriön suhteen toisistaan poikkeavaa kaksosparia sekä 9 iäkästä verrokkihenkilöä 11C-PIB PET:lla selvitettiin, voisiko aivoamyloidia olla havaittavissa sellaisilla kognitiivisesti terveillä henkilöillä, joilla on suurentunut riski sairastua AT:iin. Sappirakon seinämä sai elimistä suurimman määrän säteilyä, 41.5 mjuGy/MBq. Noin 20 % annetusta radioaktiivisuusannoksesta erittyi virtsaan. Efektiivinen sädeannos oli 4.7 mjuSv/MBq. Tämä annos mahdollistaa toistetut tutkimukset samoilla henkilöillä. Yksinkertaistettujen 11C-PIB PET –analyysimenetelmien toistettavuus oli hyvää tai erinomaista sekä alueittain (VAR 0.9-5.5%) että kuva-alkioittain (VAR 4.2-6.4%) tarkasteltuna. 11C-PIB-kertymä ei lisääntynyt AT-potilailla seuranta-ajan kuluessa, vaikka aivojen kutistuminen ja kognitiivinen heikentyminen etenivät. Alkutilanteen 11C-PIB-kertymä vaikutti ennustavan terveiden verrokkien aivojen tilavuusmuutoksia seuranta-aikana (r = 0.725, p = 0.005). Kognitiivisesti terveillä muistihäiriöisten samanmunaisilla kaksosilla – mutta ei erimunaisilla kaksosilla - oli suurentuneita 11C-PIB-kertymiä (117-121% verrokkien keskiarvosta) ohimo- ja päälakialueen aivokuorella sekä posteriorisessa cingulumissa (p11C-PIB PET voi olla käypä menetelmä tutkittavien valinnassa ja seurannassa, kun tehdään varhaisen sairausvaiheen tutkimuksia uusilla lääkkeillä. AT saatetaan voida todeta 11C-PIB PET:n avulla täysin oireettomassa vaiheessa sellaisilla henkilöillä, joilla on suurentunut riski sairastua. Tällä voisi olla merkittäviä vaikutuksia taudinmääritykselle ja sellaisten hoitojen tutkimiselle, jotka tähtäävät taudin kulun muuttamiseen.Siirretty Doriast