Penile Fractures in Young Bulls Raised in Feedlots in Southern Brazil

Background: Penile fracture is a pathology of young cattle that perform precocious and disordered breeding. The incompatibility of height between males and females and sodomy between males cause a great pressure on the sigmoid flexure and retractor muscle of the penis, which are the main causes and sites of organ injury. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological aspects of penile fractures observed in young bulls raised in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) in southern Brazil.Cases: In 2 PEFs located in the municipalities of Pelotas (property 1) and Capão do Leão (property 2), 3 male cattle [1 from property 1 and 2 from property 2] presented edema of the foreskin and perineum, associated with dysuria. The evolution of the clinical picture was approximately 20 days in all cases, with evolution to death. The bovine necropsied on property 1 had an increased volume and inguinal edema, involving the penis and scrotal sac. Necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and local musculature was also observed. The testicles were surrounded by the necrotic tissue, and the right testis was swollen, with flaccid parenchyma adhering to the tunica albuginea. In the necropsy of 1 bull from property 2, an increase in the inguinal volume was observed, with an extensive area of necrosis and edema extending from the prepuce to the caudal musculature of the scrotal sac. There were also marked varicosis in the sigmoid flexure and necrosis of the adjacent region, without the involvement of the corpus cavernosum. During the necropsy of the 2 young bulls, fragments of organs from the abdominal, thoracic, and brain cavities were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. From the bull of the property 2, an anatomical piece consisting of the penis, prepuce, and testicles was also collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the tissue samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, cut into 3-µm-thick sections, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A histological evaluation of the penile lesions in both cattle revealed intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum. In addition to areas of dystrophic calcification, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was also observed. In the bull from the property 1, an intense edema and proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding the urethra were noted. There were also marked tubular degeneration and intense infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the inner portion of the tunica albuginea.Discussion: In the present cases, the diagnosis was based on epidemiological data associated with clinical signs and pathology. The macroscopic lesions observed were probably due to the involvement of blood vessels adjacent to the penis, which suffered trauma during sodomy mating among cattle. These lesions have been described in other reports of this pathology and in diseases, such as acropostitis-phimosis, fibropapilloma of the glans, preputial abscess, and urolithiasis, and the differential diagnosis of these diseases must be carried out, as they have different etiologies. In the bulls of the present study, no lesions were observed in the corpus cavernosum, and this condition was attributed to the presence of varicosis and accumulation of urine in the prepuce, due to the difficulty in exposing the penis. Histologically, there were intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, with the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and areas of dystrophic calcification. The presence of necrotic lesions in tissues adjacent to the penis may be related to hypoxia, vascular lesions, or the action of chemical elements present in the urine. In both cases, vascular lesions were present, which were attributed to the main triggering factor for the disease.Keywords: pre-export feedlots, beef cattle, sodomy, penile trauma

Multiple Myeloma in a Feline

Background: Multiple myelomas (MM) are malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow plasmacytes, and are characterized by the presence of persistent hyperglobulinemia. Although they are rarely found in domestic animals, the canine species is most affected. In felines, they represent less than 1% of hematopoietic neoplasms, and mainly occur in older animals aged 10-12 years. The aim of the present study was to report a case of multiple myeloma, with extramedullary plasmocytosis in a feline.Case: A 3-year-old feline, female, mixed breed, with a history of apathy, anorexia, halitosis, and vomiting was referred to the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Oral examination revealed a cyanotic oral mucosa and ulcerative lesions on the gingiva. The necropsy showed generalized lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, and hemorrhagic diathesis. Organ fragments were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, and stained using the routine hematoxylin and eosin technique. Selected sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the streptavidin-biotin method. The CD79a, CD138, CD3, and MUM1 antibodies were used. Histopathological evaluation of the bone marrow revealed hypercellularity with predominant round pleomorphic cells (90%), which presented an eccentric basophilic nucleus and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The same neoplastic cells infiltrated the gingival mucosa, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain. The IHC showed positive immunostaining for MUM1 and CD138 antibodies.Discussion: The diagnosis of MM in the present study was based on histopathology and by IHC. According to the literature, the presence of neoplastic plasmocytes in the bone marrow (>20%), osteolytic lesions, monoclonal gammopathy, and Bence-Jones proteinuria should be investigated in suspected MM cases. The presence of two or more of these characteristics is necessary for confirmed diagnosis. However, studies show that only 50% of felines with MM have two or more of these characteristics, with cell morphology and neoplastic infiltration in other organs being important parameters for the definitive diagnosis of MM in them. For MM diagnosis by IHC, CD79a, CD138, and MUM1 can be used. In this report, there was positive immunostaining for MUM1 and CD138, which allowed the exclusion of other neoplasms of hematopoietic origins. The origin of MM is unknown, but chronic immune stimulation is believed to be involved in humans. In felines, although infection by the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia (FeLV) is commonly associated with the occurrence of lymphomas, the same is not described for MM. This was corroborated in the present study, since the animal in this report tested negative for FIV and FeLV. In cats, MM has no apparent predilection for race or sex, and mainly affects older animals (average age, 10 years). Although MM is rare, it has been described not only in this case, but also in young cats. The infiltration of neoplastic plasmacytes in the extramedullary tissues (extramedullary plasmacytosis) is observed more frequently in felines than in canines, and mainly occurs in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. In this case, there was disseminated extramedullary plasmacytosis involving multiple organs, such as the brain, lungs, heart, and kidneys. Persistent hyperglobulinemia is the main clinical manifestation of MM observed in 87.7% of cats with this neoplasm. However, this variation can also be observed in other pathologies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B cell lymphoma, primary macroglobulinemia, and chronic infections (e.g., ehrlichiosis, leishmaniasis, and heartworm disease). Hence, MM should always be considered as differential diagnosis when diagnosing the aforementioned diseases

Comportamento sexual e características seminais de suínos jovens com diferentes desempenhos de crescimento

A capacidade reprodutiva dos machos é de grande importância na eficiência da indústria de criação animal. A investigação de características reprodutivas fornece informações sobre a idade ideal à primeira coleta de sêmen. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento sexual e as características seminais de machos suínos jovens com diferentes ganhos de peso do nascimento aos 100kg. Aos 143 dias de idade, 62 machos Landrace e Large White com 810 a 885g/dia (n=29) (grupo de  desempenho 1; GD1) e com 649 a 694g/dia (n=33) (GD2) foram avaliados quanto ao comportamento sexual. A partir de 150 dias, foi coletado sêmen de 33 destes machos duas vezes por semana durante onze semanas. As características seminais foram monitoradas até que os machos atingissem os 232 dias de idade. Machos GD2 tiveram melhor performance sexual que machos GD1 quando expostos a fêmeas em estro. Houve aumento do volume de sêmen, da concentração e da motilidade espermáticas e do número total de espermatozóides no ejaculado. Machos GD1 ejacularam maiores volumes de sêmen (p=0,043) que machos GD2, mas com maior percentual de espermatozóides anormais (p=0,022). Machos GD2 ejacularam sêmen com maior concentração espermática (p=0,027). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos de desempenho em relação à motilidade espermática (p=0,258), número total de espermatozóides ejaculados (p=0,195) e liberação diária de espermatozóides (p=0,579). Estes dados indicam que machos com maior ganho de peso do nascimento aos 100kg apresentam performance sexual inferior e, até atingirem 232 dias de idade, produção espermática similar a de machos com menores taxas de crescimento, no entanto com maior percentual de células espermáticas anormais

Histomoníase em galinhas (Gallus gallus domesticus) de criações coloniais no sul do Brasil

Relata-se a ocorrência de histomoníase em galinhas domésticas (Gallus gallus domesticus) de criações coloniais no sul do Brasil. Os casos ocorreram em duas propriedades, localizadas nos municípios de Santa Vitória do Palmar (propriedade 1) e Pelotas (propriedade 2). As aves afetadas, em ambas as propriedades, eram jovens e apresentaram emagrecimento, apatia e anorexia com taxa de mortalidade de aproximadamente 35% nos plantéis. Na propriedade 1, de um total de 35 aves, 12 apresentaram sinais clínicos evoluindo para morte, já na propriedade 2, de um total de 19 aves, 7 tiveram sinais clínicos e morreram. Na necropsia das aves, foram observados na superfície capsular e parênquima hepático nódulos branco-amarelados, multifocais a coalescentes, por vezes, com área central deprimida e circundados por halo pálido medindo até 2,0 mm. O ceco estava dilatado, com lesões elevadas, amareladas e multifocais, estendendo-se da mucosa à serosa, exibindo ainda com parede espessada contendo material caseoso na luz do órgão. Microscopicamente observou-se hepatite e tiflite piogranulomatosa necrosante com numerosos trofozoítos de Histomonas meleagridis intralesionais. O diagnóstico de histomoníase foi confirmado através dos achados macroscópicos e histopatológicos. Destaca-se a ocorrência de histomoníase como causa de mortalidade em aves de criação colonial na região sul do Brasil

RAIVA PARALÍTICA EM SUÍNO NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Rabies is a potentially zoonotic infectious disease with worldwide distribution that affects domestic, wild and human mammals. In South America, paralytic rabies occurs in the form of cyclic outbreaks and is transmitted by hematophagous bats, mainly Desmodus rotundus. It is a disease responsible for economic losses in livestock, besides of presenting importance to public health. This paper aims to report a case of swine rabies diagnosed at the Laboratório Regional de Diagnostico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. The case occurred in a property located in the county of Capão do Leão in a female pig, two-year-old, undefined breed, raised in a semi-extensive regime. According to the owner, the animal presented apathy, anorexia, progressive paralysis and lateral decubitus. Due to the evolution of the clinical condition, euthanasia was performed. At necropsy no significant lesions were observed. Histopathological examination of the brain showed non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, perivascular cuff of lymphocytes and rare eosinophils, as well as satelitosis and gliosis. Brain and spinal cord fragments were submitted to Direct Immunofluorescence and biological tests, confirming the diagnosis of rabies.A raiva é uma doença infecciosa, potencialmente zoonótica, de distribuição mundial que afeta mamíferos domésticos, silvestres e humanos. Na América do Sul a raiva paralítica ocorre na forma de surtos cíclicos e é transmitida por morcegos hematófagos, principalmente o Desmodus rotundus. É uma doença responsável por prejuízos econômicos na pecuária, além de apresentar importância para a saúde pública. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de raiva suína diagnosticado no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, da Faculdade de Veterinária, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. O caso ocorreu em uma propriedade localizada no município do Capão do Leão em um suíno, fêmea, sem raça definida, de dois anos de idade, criada em regime semiextensivo. Segundo o proprietário o animal apresentou apatia, anorexia, paralisia progressiva e decúbito lateral. Devido a evolução do quadro clínico foi realizada a eutanásia. Na necropsia não foram observadas lesões significativas. No exame histopatológico do encéfalo observou-se meningoencefalite não supurativa, manguito perivascular de linfócitos e raros eosinófilos, além de satelitose e gliose. Fragmentos do encéfalo e medula foram submetidos ao exame de Imunofluorescência Direta e prova biológica, confirmando o diagnóstico de raiva

Como um texto funciona/ How a text works

O trabalho aqui proposto é fruto de uma atividade avaliativa e colaborativa escrita por doze mãos, resultado da disciplina ‘Análise de Discurso’, ministrada pela Professora Doutora Eni de Lourdes Puccinelli Orlandi no ano de 2020. Este trabalho, pautado na área disciplinar e teórica da Análise de Discurso, tem como objetivos abordar reflexões sobre as noções de texto e interpretação, baseando-se em Orlandi (1993, 2007, 2012, 2017); Pêcheux (2014a, 2014b); Pêcheux e Fuchs (2014) e outros autores que trazem informações concernentes as noções de texto e interpretação aqui estudadas e compreender como se dão as relações com a linguagem, a história e a constituição do sujeito e dos sentidos. Como efeito de fecho, endentemos que, ao buscar compreender como um texto funciona, o analista de discurso deve interpretar amparado aos aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da Análise de Discurso, visando a interpretação não por pura ação de ‘interpretar’, mas interpretar no fio do discurso para entender como o texto funciona e produz sentidos, trabalhando o efeito ideológico, uma vez que, para a Análise de Discurso, posição a qual nos filiamos, não existe sentido literal, pois estamos sob o domínio da ideologia. O texto está aberto a múltiplas interpretações, e dependendo de suas condições de produção, ele é interpretado desta ou daquela maneira. O analista observa como o texto funciona, como significa e não sua verdade. E é na interpretação que se vê o funcionamento da ideologia e é neste lugar de interação em que se observa o homem falando.

Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation

Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to modulate neuronal differentiation during early development. Both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) regulate a wide variety of physiological responses, including apoptosis, cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying these effects of AChR signaling are not fully understood. It is known that activation of AChRs increase cellular proliferation and neurogenesis and that regulation of intracellular calcium through AChRs may underlie the many functions of ACh. Intriguingly, activation of diverse signaling molecules such as Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, protein kinase C and c-Src is modulated by AChRs. Here we discuss the roles of ACh in neuronal differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We also discuss the pathways involved in these processes, as well as the effects of novel endogenous AChRs agonists and strategies to enhance neuronal-differentiation of stem and neural progenitor cells. Further understanding of the intracellular mechanisms underlying AChR signaling may provide insights for novel therapeutic strategies, as abnormal AChR activity is present in many diseases

Percepções de doulas naturólogas sobre gestação, parto e puerpério doulas

This article is an exploratory/descriptive qualitative approach, which aimed to understand the perceptions and practices of professional doulas/naturólogas, about pregnancy and child birth. The research was done through interviews with eight professionals working in differents Brazilian states, such as doula and naturóloga. From the interviews, four cores of meaning emerged: the motivations naturólogas/doulas, - understanding of pregnancy, child birth and puerperium – medicalization of birth, and - doula/naturóloga professional practice. The analysis revealed that these professionals lead their assistance to pregnant women and postpartum women in a humane way, having as main characteristic the integrated and individualized care. Promote health and autonomy for women and their families, hence the health of the new born. Also note worthy is that the study participants stimulate symbolic, energetic and spiritual care at this stage of the sexual and reproductive cycle. They use as tools, natural resources, promoting balance effects in the women, helping to reduce the discomforts of pregnancy - puerperal cycle, in a subtle way, reducing the risks of violence obstetric.Este artigo trata de um estudo exploratório/descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivando conhecer as percepções e a prática profissional de doulas/naturólogas, sobre o ciclo gravídico-puerperal. A pesquisa deu-se por meio de entrevistas com sete profissionais que atuam no Brasil e uma nos EUA, como doula e naturóloga. A partir das entrevistas, emergiram quatro núcleos de significação: (1) motivações das naturólogas/doulas; (2) compreensão sobre gestação, parto e puerpério; (3) medicalização do parto; e (4) conduta profissional da doula/naturóloga. Neste artigo, a ênfase de análise compreenderá a discussão dos núcleos - compreensão sobre gestação, parto e puerpério e - medicalização do parto, por considerar sua relevância na temática deste estudo. Por meio das narrativas analisadas, foi possível observar que, entre as profissionais pesquisadas, há uma condução da assistência às gestantes, parturientes e puérperas, de forma humanizada, tendo como principal característica o cuidado integral e individualizado, a promoção da saúde e autonomia das mulheres, suas famílias, e, consequentemente, a saúde do recém-nascido. Destaca-se, também, que as participantes do estudo propiciam um espaço de acolhimento às mulheres, no que se refere às dimensões simbólicas durante o cuidado no seu ciclo reprodutivo e sexual, e utilizam, como ferramentas, os recursos naturais que promovem efeitos equilibrantes a estas mulheres, auxiliando na redução dos desconfortos do ciclo gravídico-puerperal de forma sutil, reduzindo os riscos de violência obstétrica

Neurovascular coupling is impaired in cerebral microangiopathy—An event-related Stroop study

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