Transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5) protects against pain and vascular inflammation in arthritis and joint inflammation

Objective: Transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5) is functionally expressed on a range of cells including fibroblast-like synoviocytes, which play an important role in arthritis. A role for TRPC5 in inflammation has not been previously shown in vivo. We investigated the contribution of TRPC5 in arthritis. Methods: Male wild-type and TRPC5 knockout (KO) mice were used in a complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced unilateral arthritis model, assessed over 14 days. Arthritis was determined by measurement of knee joint diameter, hindlimb weightbearing asymmetry and pain behaviour. Separate studies involved chronic pharmacological antagonism of TRPC5 channels. Synovium from human post-mortem control and inflammatory arthritis samples were investigated for TRPC5 gene expression. Results: At baseline, no differences were observed. CFA-induced arthritis resulted in increased synovitis in TRPC5 KO mice assessed by histology. Additionally, TRPC5 KO mice demonstrated reduced ipsilateral weightbearing and nociceptive thresholds (thermal and mechanical) following CFA-induced arthritis. This was associated with increased mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in the ipsilateral synovium and increased concentration of cytokines in synovial lavage fluid. Chronic treatment with ML204, a TRPC5 antagonist, augmented weightbearing asymmetry, secondary hyperalgesia and cytokine concentrations in the synovial lavage fluid. Synovia from human inflammatory arthritis demonstrated a reduction in TRPC5 mRNA expression. Conclusions: Genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of TRPC5 results in an enhancement in joint inflammation and hyperalgesia. Our results suggest that activation of TRPC5 may be associated with an endogenous anti-inflammatory/analgesic pathway in inflammatory joint conditions

Transient receptor potential canonical 4 and 5 proteins as targets in cancer therapeutics

Novel approaches towards cancer therapy are urgently needed. One approach might be to target ion channels mediating Ca²+ entry because of the critical roles played by Ca²+ in many cell types, including cancer cells. There are several types of these ion channels, but here we address those formed by assembly of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) proteins, particularly those which involve two closely related members of the family: TRPC4 and TRPC5. We focus on these proteins because recent studies point to roles in important aspects of cancer: drug resistance, transmission of drug resistance through extracellular vesicles, tumour vascularisation, and evoked cancer cell death by the TRPC4/5 channel activator (−)-englerin A. We conclude that further research is both justified and necessary before these proteins can be considered as strong targets for anti-cancer cell drug discovery programmes. It is nevertheless already apparent that inhibitors of the channels would be unlikely to cause significant adverse effects, but, rather, have other effects which may be beneficial in the context of cancer and chemotherapy, potentially including suppression of innate fear, visceral pain and pathological cardiac remodelling

Natural and synthetic flavonoid modulation of TRPC5 channels

Background and Purpose The TRPC5 proteins assemble to create calcium-permeable, non-selective, cationic channels. We sought novel modulators of these channels through studies of natural products. Experimental Approach Intracellular calcium measurements and patch clamp recordings were made from cell lines. Compounds were generated by synthetic chemistry. Key Results Through a screen of natural products used in traditional Chinese medicines, the flavonol galangin was identified as an inhibitor of lanthanide-evoked calcium entry in TRPC5 overexpressing HEK 293 cells (IC50 0.45 μM). Galangin also inhibited lanthanide-evoked TRPC5-mediated current in whole-cell and outside-out patch recordings. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, it inhibited constitutive and lanthanide-evoked calcium entry through endogenous TRPC5-containing channels. The related natural flavonols, kaempferol and quercetin were less potent inhibitors of TRPC5. Myricetin and luteolin lacked effect, and apigenin was a stimulator. Based on structure–activity relationship studies with natural and synthetic flavonols, we designed 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(2-bromophenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (AM12), which inhibited lanthanide-evoked TRPC5 activity with an IC50 of 0.28 μM. AM12 also inhibited TRPC5 activity evoked by the agonist (−)-Englerin A and was effective in excised outside-out membrane patches, suggesting a relatively direct effect. It inhibited TRPC4 channels similarly, but its inhibitory effect on TRPC1–TRPC5 heteromeric channels was weaker. Conclusions and Implications The data suggest that galangin (a natural product from the ginger family) is a TRPC5 inhibitor and that other natural and synthetic flavonoids contain antagonist or agonist capabilities at TRPC5 and closely related channels depending on the substitution patterns of both the chromone core and the phenyl ring

TRPC5 ion channel permeation promotes weight gain in hypercholesterolaemic mice

Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 5 (TRPC5) is a subunit of a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cationic channel which negatively regulates adiponectin but not leptin in mice fed chow diet. Adiponectin is a major anti-inflammatory mediator and so we hypothesized an effect of TRPC5 on the inflammatory condition of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis was studied in aorta of ApoE−/− mice fed western-style diet. Inhibition of TRPC5 ion permeation was achieved by conditional transgenic expression of a dominant negative ion pore mutant of TRPC5 (DNT5). Gene expression analysis in adipose tissue suggested that DNT5 increases transcript expression for adiponectin while decreasing transcript expression of the inflammatory mediator Tnfα and potentially decreasing Il6, Il1β and Ccl2. Despite these differences there was mild or no reduction in plaque coverage in the aorta. Unexpectedly DNT5 caused highly significant reduction in body weight gain and reduced adipocyte size after 6 and 12 weeks of western-style diet. Steatosis and circulating lipids were unaffected but mild effects on regulators of lipogenesis could not be excluded, as indicated by small reductions in the expression of Srebp1c, Acaca, Scd1. The data suggest that TRPC5 ion channel permeation has little or no effect on atherosclerosis or steatosis but an unexpected major effect on weight gain

Metabolism in presymptomatic mutation carriers of familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Metabolic alterations such as weight loss, hypermetabolism, and disturbed glucose metabolism are common findings in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In the framework of a longitudinal study with the objective to characterize the presymptomatic phase in familial ALS (fALS) patients-to-be with inherited mutations in their family history, this cross-sectional, explorative analysis exploits metabolic parameters obtained by anthropometric data, indirect calorimetry, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). So far 73 participants (44 non-carriers (NC), 29 mutation carriers (MC) had eligible data for body composition analysis and 30 NC/20 MC for calorimetric analysis. As control groups, 40 healthy participants (HC) and 19 sporadic ALS (sALS) patients were additionally examined. Age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in MC compared to NC (t(71) = 2.21; p = 0.031). This effect was even stronger in those participants with a family history of a chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) mutation, where mean BMI was also lower compared to HC (t(53) = 2.243; p = 0.029), while no difference in mean BMI was found compared to sALS patients. Glucose metabolism was tested with an OGTT, revealing pathological results in four NC and five MC. Of note, these MC had a surprisingly low mean BMI of 21 kg/m² for developing pathological glucose tolerance, whereas the respective NC averaged on a mean of 26.9 kg/m². Indirect calorimetry was performed to measure resting metabolic rate (mRMR) which was put into relation to calculated resting metabolic rate (cRMR) defining the metabolism ratio (MR = mRMR/cRMR). MC (n = 20) had a significantly higher MR compared to HC (n = 33; (t(51) = 2.2; p = 0.032). This effect was stable in the male cohort t(21) = 2.363; p = 0.028, but not in females (t(28) = 0.868; p = 0.393). However, NC also had elevated MR compared to HC (t(61) = 4.291; p = 0.000). In summary, these findings indicate that metabolic alterations occur already in the presymptomatic phase. Longitudinal data have to show the development of these alterations throughout the lifespan of those eventually going to develop (f)ALS. These cross-sectional data imply that sex and the kind of underlying mutation affect the presence and character of metabolic alterations. It is possible that compensatory mechanisms, such as an upregulation of PGC-1α, try to maintain neuronal health with the side effect of metabolic changes. The hypothalamus as a central regulator of metabolic balance in the brain is a good candidate for a venue of ongoing compensatory and pathophysiological mechanisms in ALS. Overall, these cross-sectional data have to be supported and enhanced by longitudinal observations and larger group sizes in the future to gain more insight into metabolic alterations during the presymptomatic phase of fALS

Simple motor processes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a combined investigation with event related potentials and functional near-infrared spectroscopy

ZIELSETZUNG Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung beinhaltet in ihrer Kernsymptomatik eine Störung der Motorik. Bisher wurden viele Studien zur motorischen Inhibition veröffentlich, wenige jedoch zur Exekution von motorischen Aufgaben. Im der vorliegenden Studie wurden Kinder und Jugendliche mit ADHS und gesunde Kontrollprobanden mittels zweier Aufgaben zur repetitiven Fingerbewegung untersucht. Zeitgleich wurden die Gehirndurchblutung mittels fNIRS sowie die neuronale Aktivität mittels EEG registriert. Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, die Ergebnisse von Romanos et al. (2007) zu replizieren sowie weitere Erkenntnisse über die Korrelation zwischen fNIRS- und EEG-Aktivierungen zu erlangen. METHODEN Die Patientengruppe wurde jeweils einmal mit und einmal ohne Medikation gemessen, die Kontrollgruppe nur einmal. Die Kinder wurden nach entsprechender Aufklärung mit EEG- und fNIRS-Messeinrichtungen vorbereitet und führten nach einem kurzen Probedurchlauf einfach motorische Fingerbewegungen durch. Es wurden sowohl eine Finger-Daumen-Opposition als auch ein Zeigefinger-Tapping in einem bestimmten Rhythmus und Reihenfolge verlangt. Ergänzend wurde ein Oberflächen-EMG im Bereich der beteiligten Muskulatur am Unterarm aufgezeichnet. EEG-, fNIRS- und EMG-Ergebnisse wurden gemittelt und die unterschiedlichen Gruppen miteinander verglichen. ERGEBNISSE In unserer Auswertung waren 24 Kinder mit der Diagnose einer ADHS sowie eine nach Alter und IQ vergleichbare Kontrollgruppe mit 16 Kindern. Das mittlere Alter betrug 12,4 (ADHS-Patienten) bzw. 12,10 Jahre (Kontrollen). Aufgrund einer ungleichen Geschlechterverteilung musste das Geschlecht als Kovariate in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden. Wir konnten sowohl für die fNIRS als auch für die EEG typische Aktivierungsmuster feststellen. Für die medizierten Probanden fanden wir untypische, diffusere Aktivierung außerhalb des Bereichs des Motorkortex mit fNIRS. Im EEG konnte nur die mPINV-Potentialkomponente ausgewertet werden, die iMP-Komponente konnte aufgrund technischer Probleme nicht ausgewertet werden. Die EMG-Messung fiel wie erwartet aus und zeigte für alle Bedingungen signifikante Aktivierung der ipsilateralen Muskulatur. DISKUSSION Unsere Ergebnisse stehen nicht im Einklang mit der aktuellen Literatur. Teilweise stimmen sie mit der Arbeit von Romanos et al. (2007) aus unserer Arbeitsgruppe überein. Zudem ist zu erwähnen, dass bisher wenige Arbeiten existieren, die sich mit fNIRS-Messungen im Motorkortex beschäftigt haben. Zahlreiche Arbeiten dagegen beschäftigten sich mit der Inhibitionsleistung bei Patienten mit ADHS und zeigen dazu häufig Ergebnisse aus dem präfrontalen Kortex. Hierbei finden sich unterschiedliche Ergebnisse, die sowohl eine Hypo- als auch eine Hyperaktivität nachweisen können. Verschiedene Studien konnten zeigen, dass die Gehirnaktivität durch Methylphenidat normalisiert wird. Wir finden jedoch im – bisher schlecht untersuchten – Motorkortex eine diffusere Aktivierung durch die Medikation. Eine Studie von Lange et al. (2007) zeigte, dass durch MPH die Handschrift langsamer, aber ordentlicher wird. Möglicherweise wird durch die Medikation aus dem automatisierten Prozess des Schreibens ein bewusst kognitiv gesteuerter Prozess, der mit einer veränderten, verstärkten Gehirnaktivierung im Bereich des Motorkortex einhergeht. Dies könnte unseren Befund erklären. MPH wirkt im Bereich des dopaminergen Systems durch Bindung an den Dopamintransporter (K. H. Krause et al., 2000b). Eine besonders hohe Konzentration findet sich im Bereich des Striatums. Wir interpretieren unser Ergebnis so, dass eine Beeinflussung der subkortikalen Strukturen sekundär zu Aktivierungsveränderungen im Bereich des Motorkortex führt und so die diffusere Aktivierung erklärbar ist. Weitere Studien werden nötig sein um dieses Phänomen genauer zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Finger-Daumen-Oppositions-Aufgabe veränderte Gehirnpotentiale im Vergleich zur Tapping-Aufgabe hervorrief, vermutlich durch die erhöhte Komplexität bei der Finger-Daumen-Opposition. Wir korrelierten die durch fNIRS und EEG gefundenen Aktivierungen und konnten keine aussagekräftige Korrelation finden, anders als in Studien von Ehlis et al. (2009) und Takeuchi et al. (2009).Simple motor processes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a combined investigation with event related potentials and functional near-infrared spectroscop