An Elementary Proof of Gilbreaths Conjecture

Given the fact that the Gilbreath's Conjecture has been a major topic of research in Aritmatic progression for well over a Century,and as bellow:2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 611 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 21 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 0 41 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 41 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 21 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 01 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 21 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 01 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 01 0 0 0 0 0 2 21 0 0 0 0 2 01 0 0 0 2 21 0 0 2 01 0 2 21 2 01 21The Gilbreath's conjecture in a way as easy and comprehensive as possible.He proposed that these differences, when calculated repetitively and left as bsolute values, would always result in a row of numbers beginning with 1,In this paper we bring elementary proof for this conjecture

Effects of Thymus daenensis on inflammatory factors and liver toxicity induced by thioacetamide in rats

Introduction: Thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication is underlying acute liver damage, inflammation, and tissue necrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate of Thymus daenensis extract effect on acute liver disease induced by the thioacetamide and its effects on the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) cytokines. Methods: In an experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 each. The amount of 0.03-g thioacetamide dissolved in 1 mL of distilled water was injected intraperitoneally to all mice groups except the control group for 3 weeks, twice a week. The negative control group received only thioacetamide and the other groups received 8 mg/kg silibinin by gavage, other than to thioacetamide. The experimental groups, after injection of thioacetamide were treated with 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg extract of T. daenensis for 2 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were taken from the rats’ hearts after general anesthesia. Then, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines levels were measured by Elisa kits. Pathology evaluation was also examined on liver. Results: TNF-α and IL-6 levels decreased in the groups treated with 5 mg/mL (respectively, P=0.001, P=0.05), 10 mg/mL (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively) and 20 mg/mL (P<0.001, P<0.001) extracts compared to thioacetamide group. Histopathological studies indicated that liver lesions were improved in mice treated with T. daenensis extract compared with thioacetamide group. Conclusion: Thymus daenensis extract has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on liver toxicity induced by thioacetamide. Hence, it might be used for this purpose or for similar toxicitie

Validación de un cuestionario de autoeficacia del estudiante de EFL usando el modelo de Rasch

Self-efficacy plays a key role in learners' learning processes by helping or hindering their development (Bandura, 1984). Based on related studies (e.g. Littel, 1991; Lier, 2010) one major point affected on language learning is self-efficacy. To this aim, a 35-item an EFL learners’ selfefficacy questionnaire was adapted and validated by the application of the Rasch model. The test was developed in Persian to be used for Iranian EFL learners. A total number of 987 EFL learners learning English in different language institutions of Iran participated in this study. The results revealed that the Rasch model fits the test after removing 10 items from the scale. Moreover, it is confirmed that the scale enjoyed suitable reliability. This proposes that the questionnaire is potentially valid and can be used as a measure of EFL learners’ self-efficacy.La autoeficacia desempeña un papel clave en los procesos de aprendizaje de los alumnos al ayudar o dificultar su desarrollo (Bandura, 1984). Basado en estudios relacionados (por ejemplo, Littel, 1991; Lier, 2010) un punto importante afectado en el aprendizaje de idiomas es la autoeficacia. Con este objetivo, la aplicación del modelo de Rasch adaptó y validó un cuestionario de autoeficacia de 35 ítems de EFL. La prueba fue desarrollada en persa para ser utilizada por estudiantes iraníes de inglés como lengua extranjera. Un total de 987 estudiantes de inglés que aprenden inglés como lengua extranjera en diferentes instituciones lingüísticas de Irán participaron en este estudio. Los resultados revelaron que el modelo de Rasch se ajusta a la prueba después de eliminar 10 elementos de la escala. Además, se confirma que la escala gozó de una fiabilidad adecuada. Esto propone que el cuestionario es potencialmente válido y se puede usar como una medida de la autoeficacia de los estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera.A autoeficácia desempenha um papel fundamental nos processos de aprendizagem dos aprendentes, ajudando ou dificultando o seu desenvolvimento (Bandura, 1984). Com base em estudos relacionados (por exemplo, Littel, 1991; Lier, 2010), um ponto importante afetado na aprendizagem de línguas é a autoeficácia. Para este fim, um questionário de 35 itens de auto-eficácia de alunos de EFL foi adaptado e validado pela aplicação do modelo de Rasch. O teste foi desenvolvido em persa para ser usado para alunos de EFL iranianos. Um total de 987 alunos de EFL que aprendem inglês em diferentes instituições de idiomas do Irã participaram deste estudo. Os resultados revelaram que o modelo Rasch se encaixa no teste após a remoção de 10 itens da escala. Além disso, confirma-se que a escala gozava de confiabilidade adequada. Isto propõe que o questionário é potencialmente válido e pode ser usado como uma medida da autoeficácia dos aprendentes de EFL

Season Tickets on Sale for 1988-89 UD Art Series

News release announces that tickets are now on sale for the 1988-89 University of Dayton Arts Series

Do people remember what is prototypical?:The role of accent-religion intersectionality for individual and category memory

Evidence suggests that accents can be typically more powerful in activating ethnicity categorization than appearance. Concurrently, some social categories, such as ethnicity, can be linked with other categories, such as religion. We investigate how people categorize those who belong to a (mis)matching pair of categories? In the present study we investigated Germans’ categorization of women either wearing a headscarf (Muslim religious symbol), or not, and speaking either standard German or German with an Arabic accent. The “Who Said What?” paradigm and multinomial modelling yielded that category memory, indicative of subtyping, was best for non-prototypical targets (i.e., headscarf and standard German accent, no headscarf and Arabic accent). In contrast, ingroup targets (no headscarf and standard German accent) were individually remembered better than all other targets, whereas non-prototypical targets (no-headscarf and Arabic accent) were not remembered individually at all. These findings are discussed in terms of intersectionality and category prototypicality

INVESTIGATION THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MTHFR GENE POLYMORPHISM AND HOMOCYSTEINE IN IRANIAN PREGNANT WOMEN

  Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the association between polymorphisms in MTHFR gene and Vitamin B12-dependent homocysteine metabolism.Methods: Hyperhomocysteinemia has been implicated as a risk factor for complications in pregnancy including abortion, preeclampsia, and placental abruption. Several epidemiological studies have investigated the associations of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with hypertension or hypertension in pregnancy. However, the results were controversial. Numbers of 100 samples from healthy pregnant women as control criteria and 100 samples from fertile women have been collected. Due to research on MTHFR polymorphism, special primers have been designed. The research on MTHFR polymorphism has been done by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.Results: The results demonstrated 9.26% have been registered for heterozygous individuals and the homocysteine level of homozygous individuals was 41.18% (higher than the normal level). The results showed a significant difference in the homocysteine levels of homozygous individuals and the homocysteine levels of healthy individuals (p=0.004). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the homocysteine levels of heterozygous individuals and the homocysteine levels of healthy individuals (p=0.34). Similarly, a significant difference in the B12 levels in blood of homozygous individuals and the homocysteine levels of healthy individuals have been showed (p=0.00).Conclusion: The mutation of gene MTHFR C677T causes an increase of the homocysteine level, decrease of the level of folic acid and B12 vitamin in heterozygous individuals but a relationship among homocysteine level, the level of folic acid and B12 vitamin not found

Evaluation of Bax and Bcl-2 Proteins Expression in the Rat Hippocampus due to Childhood Febrile Seizure

How to Cite This Article: Saeedi Borujeni MJ, Hami J, Haghir H, Rastin M, SazegarGh. Evaluation of Bax and Bcl-2 Proteins Expression in the Rat Hippocampus due to childhood Febrile Seizure. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2016; 10(1):53-60.AbstractObjectiveSimple Febrile Seizure (SFS) is the most common seizure disorder in childhood, and is frequently described as inoffensive disorder. Nevertheless, there is evidence suggesting the association between neonatal febrile seizures and hippocampal abnormalities in adulthood. This study was conducted at evaluating the hippocampal expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins following SFS induction in rat neonates.Materials &amp; MethodsFebrile seizure was modeled by hyperthermia-induced seizure in 22-dayold male rats by a hot water bath. The animals were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of seizure behaviors: Hyperthermia without seizure (n=10) and hyperthermia with seizure (n=10). To control the effects of environmental stress a sham-control group was also added (n=10). The rats’ hippocampi were dissected 2 or 15 days after hyperthermia. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were measured using Western Blotting technique.ResultsThe hippocampal expression of Bcl-2 protein was significantly lower in the hyperthermia with seizure animals than that of the sham-control and hyperthermia without seizure groups. The expression of pro-apoptotic Bax protein also significantly increased in the hippocampus of hyperthermia with seizure group rats compared to the sham-control and hyperthermia without seizure animals.ConclusionThe simple febrile seizure markedly disturbed the hippocampal expression of both Bcl2 and Bax proteins, resulting in apoptosis promotion in hippocampi of juvenile rats, which were measurable for at least 15 days

Hidden Curriculum Components, Learners’ National Identity, and Self-Efficacy: A Model for Iranian EFL Teachers

Much of what educators address is the overt curriculum; however, there is a hidden curriculum that affects education in a very profound manner. In view of that, the purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship of EFL teachers’ perspectives on hidden curriculum components in the Iranian institutional context with their students’ self-efficacy and national identity. More specifically, the present study surveyed the probable existence of any significant correlation between EFL teachers’ perspectives on the EFL hidden curriculum components, their students’ attitudes towards their own national identity, and self-efficacy. For this purpose, a model was suggested and tested using partial least squares variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), to examine EFL teachers’ perspectives on the EFL hidden curriculum components contributing to their students’ national identity and self-efficacy. A total of 164 institutional EFL teachers in Iran completed the EFL hidden curriculum questionnaire. Besides, 987 students (about eighty percent of their learners) were asked to fill in national identity and self-efficacy questionnaires. Based on this model, all the correlations between the latent variables were significant except for three latent variables including the relationships among EFL teachers’ perspectives on the EFL hidden curriculum components (social atmosphere, organizational structure, and interaction between teachers and learners) and their learners’ self-efficacy. In addition, the results depicted all the relationships between latent variables was positive relations; while, the relationship between EFL learners’ national identity and self-efficacy was proved to be negative