A survey of psychologists’ opinions and behaviours on aspects of Maori mental health

In the majority of settings where psychologists work, particularly in State health and justice settings, Maori people are substantially over represented relative to their numbers in the general population (Durie, 1987). This situation has raised serious questions about the adequacy of both mental health services and professionals in their provision of appropriate services for Maori people. (Hui Whakaoranga, 1984; Durie, 1985). Recommendations have been given to address these deficiencies. Te Hui Whakaoranga (l984) recommended a recruitment programme for Maori into health professions and training for health workers in Maori culture. The Committee of Inquiry into Procedures used in Psychiatric Hospitals (1988) pointed out that health professionals are rarely educated in taha Maori or the application of taha Maori to the service they provide. They stated that many current training programmes create a barrier to Maori people entering the health professions. They recommended that changes occur in both the in - service and basic training of health professionals

Sinusoidal ECL Gate Oscillators

The frequency range of solid state oscillators has increased to the point where classical low frequency design and analysis techniques are no longer completely adequate. Development of very high frequency emitter coupled logic (ECL) gates has provided a new active device that may be used in high frequency oscillators. In light of these facts the objective of this study is to develop an analysis of high frequency ECL gate oscillators. This analysis will be based on the s-parameters of the gate and those of the feedback network. The relationship between the s-parameter description of an oscillator and negative resistance oscillators is also presented. A natural extension of analysis is design, since no additional information is required. A general design procedure that may be used for ECL as well as the design of other types of oscillators is discussed in Chapter IV

Closing Plenary

The closing session of the symposium was a plenary session in which invited speakers were asked to make brief critical and reflective comment on the symposium theme and future directions regarding Māori and Pacific psychologies

Comparing Leaf Properties of Inland and Coastal Malosma laurina in the Santa Monica Mountains

Our group chose Malosma laurina, commonly known as Laurel Sumac, to observe and test. We hypothesized that there would be difference in photosynthetic trade-offs and capabilities between coastal and inland populations, specifically with respect to leaves. This was based on the low freezing tolerance in Malosma laurina (Pratt et al. 2005), and hypothesized that based on this stress, resources would be allocated differently in inland leaves than in coastal leaves. This hypothesis was tested using the indices of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), the ratio of green to red reflectance, and Leaf Specific Area (LSA). The first three indices were tested using a Unispec Spectral Analysis system, and the LSA was tested using a simple Leaf Area Meter and balance. We collected two leaves fifteen from the tip of the branchlet off of eight coastal individuals and eight inland individuals to test. We found a statistically significant difference in NDVI, indicating that coastal individuals had higher chlorophyll amounts and higher photosynthetic efficiency as compared to inland individuals. We also found that the green to red ratios were statistically significant, indicating that inland individuals are more highly light stressed than coastal individuals. Based on these significant differences, we concluded that our hypothesis was correct and there was indeed a difference in the photosynthetic abilities between coastal and inland populations

Pilot Study Examining Pregnancy-specific Equations to Estimate Percent Body Fat in an Overweight/obese Pregnant Hispanic Population

Background and Purpose: Over half of women entering pregnancy are overweight or obese, increasing metabolic risk. This pilot study investigated whether established equations for estimating maternal percent body fat using anthropometry are accurate for Hispanic, overweight or obese pregnant women. Methods: The Siri technique of calculating percent body fat from direct measurements of body density and total body water was the gold-standard. Other pregnancy-specific equations were also examined. The study population included 15 normoglycemic, pregnant Hispanic women in their third trimester (33.2±1.9 gestational week) with a pre-pregnancy body mass index ≥25 to <40kg/m2 , and with no history of chronic disease, or illicit drug, cigarette or alcohol use. Five skinfold sites, pre-pregnancy weight, current weight, and wrist circumference were measured. Body density was measured using air displacement plethysmography. Total body water was measured using 2H2O. Results: Paired t-tests showed that the Paxton equation (intended for use at gestational week 37) overestimated percent body fat compared to the Siri method, p<0.001, whereas the Presley equation (intended for use at gestational week 30) produced statistically similar results to the gold-standard, p=0.842. Discussion: Using skinfold thickness measurements and the Presley equation to assess percent body fat may be useful and accessible for this population

Site-Specific Glycoprofiles of HDL-Associated ApoE are Correlated with HDL Functional Capacity and Unaffected by Short-Term Diet.

Since high-density lipoprotein (HDL) glycoprofiles are associated with HDL functional capacity, we set out to determine whether diet can alter the glycoprofiles of key HDL-associated proteins, including ApoE, a potent driver of chronic disease risk. Ten healthy subjects consumed a fast food (FF) and a Mediterranean (Med) diet for 4 days in randomized order, with a 4-day wash-out between treatments. A multiple reaction monitoring method was used to characterize the site-specific glycoprofiles of HDL proteins, and HDL functional capacity was analyzed. We describe for the first time that ApoE has 7 mucin-type O-glycosylation sites, which were not affected by short-term diet. The glycoprofiles of other HDL-associated proteins were also unaffected, except that a disialylated ApoC-III glycan was enriched after Med diet, and a nonsialylated ApoC-III glycan was enriched after FF diet. Twenty-five individual glycopeptides were significantly correlated with cholesterol efflux capacity and 21 glycopeptides were correlated with immunomodulatory capacity. Results from this study indicate that the glycoprofiles of HDL-associated proteins including ApoE are correlated with HDL functional capacity but generally unaffected by diet in the short term, except ApoC-III sialylation. These results suggest that HDL protein glycoprofiles are affected by both acute and long-term factors and may be useful for biomarker discovery

The Effects of Low-Volume High Intensity Interval Training and Circuit Training on Maximal Oxygen Uptake

Purpose High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and circuit training (CT) are popular methods of exercise, eliciting improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, direct comparisons of these two training methods are limited. We investigated the effects of HIIT and CT on CRF. Methods Thirty-nine apparently healthy middle-aged participants [HIIT; mean age: 42.5 ± 12.3; V ˙ O 2max V˙O2max 31.5 ± 7.1 (ml kg−1 min−1); 52% males; CT; mean age: 41.2 ± 12.9; V ˙ O 2max V˙O2max 31.4 ± 6.8 (ml kg−1 min−1); 57% males] were randomly allocated to two sessions per week of HIIT or CT over 8 weeks. HIIT performed ten 1-min cycle-ergometry intervals at > 85% HRmax, separated by ten 1-min intervals of active recovery. The CT group performed up to 40-min of CT at 60–80% HRmax. CRF was measured using maximum oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2max V˙O2max ), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (V ˙ O 2 V˙O2 at VAT) and maximum oxygen pulse (V ˙ O 2 V˙O2 /HR). Results V ˙ O 2max V˙O2max increased by 12% following HIIT (mean difference 3.9 ml kg−1 min−1; 95% CI: 2.8–4.9; P < 0.001), and 3% in CT (mean difference 1.0 ml kg−1 min−1; 95% CI: − 0.4 to 2.0; P = 0.060). V ˙ O 2 V˙O2 at VAT increased by 16% following HIIT (mean difference 2.4 ml kg−1 min−1; 95% CI: 1.6–3.1; P < 0.001) and 4% in CT (mean difference 0.7 ml kg−1 min−1; 95% CI: − 0.1 to 1.4; P = 0.085). V ˙ O 2 V˙O2 /HR increased by 11% following HIIT (mean difference 1.4 ml beat−1; 95% CI: 0.9–2.0; P < 0.001) and 1% after CT (mean difference 0.3 ml beat−1; 95% CI: − 0.3 to 0.8; P = 0.318). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that HIIT led to greater improvements in CRF when compared to CT