Do Natural Disaster Affect the Poor Disproportionately? Price Change and Welfare Impact in the Aftermath of Typhoon Milenyo in the Rural Philippines

This paper illustrates the sharp contrast in welfare impacts between the rich and the poor caused by typhoon Milenyo in a Philippine village. We find that fish prices dropped sharply due to the damage caused to fish pens near the village, leading to positive net welfare gains among the wealthy. In contrast , the poor do not consume much fish and thus did not gain from the sharp decline in prices. Finally, co nsumption reallocation played an important role as an ex post risk coping measure, albeit only among the wealthy, who are relatively well protected against typhoons.Embargo Period 24 monthshttp://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/estudillo_jonna

コウトウ ガッコウ カテイカ ニオケル ボウサイ キョウイク ノ コウソウ : カテイ ソウゴウ キョウカショ シドウ シリョウ ノ コウサツ

The purpose of this study is to analyze disaster prevention in textbook "Integrated Home Economics" and teacher\u27s manual for upper secondary schools. The results were as follows. 1 : Textbook "Integrated Home Economics" : Equipment for disaster prevention are quite discribed, but the consciousness and measures are not. 2 : Teacher\u27s Manual : Natural disaster and constructions are described mainly, but human-made disaster are little. 3 : It is necessary for students to raise the consciousness and to collaborate with local communities in Home Economics Education for Disaster Prevention.国立情報学研究所『研究紀要公開支援事業』により電子化

Impaired CD4⁺ T cell response in older adults is associated with reduced immunogenicity and reactogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

高齢者のT細胞応答は立ち上がりが遅く収束は早い --新型コロナワクチン接種機会を活用した免疫応答の個人差・年齢差の解明--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-01-13.T-Cell Responses in the Elderly Rise Slowly and Contract Quickly --Learning About Individual and Age Differences in Immune Response From COVID-19 Vaccinations--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-01-13.Whether age-associated defects in T cells impact the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of mRNA vaccines remains unclear. Using a vaccinated cohort (n = 216), we demonstrated that older adults (aged ≥65 years) had fewer vaccine-induced spike-specific CD4⁺ T cells including CXCR3⁺ circulating follicular helper T cells and the TH1 subset of helper T cells after the first dose, which correlated with their lower peak IgG levels and fewer systemic adverse effects after the second dose, compared with younger adults. Moreover, spike-specific TH1 cells in older adults expressed higher levels of programmed cell death protein 1, a negative regulator of T cell activation, which was associated with low spike-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses. Thus, an inefficient CD4⁺ T cell response after the first dose may reduce the production of helper T cytokines, even after the second dose, thereby lowering humoral and cellular immunity and reducing systemic reactogenicity. Therefore, enhancing CD4⁺ T cell response following the first dose is key to improving vaccine efficacy in older adults

Caries Increment and Salivary Microbiome during University Life: A Prospective Cohort Study

The purpose of this 3-year prospective cohort study was to explore the relationship between an increase in dental caries and oral microbiome among Japanese university students. We analyzed 487 students who volunteered to receive oral examinations and answer baseline (2013) and follow-up (2016) questionnaires. Of these students, salivary samples were randomly collected from 55 students at follow-up and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Students were divided into two groups: increased group (Delta decayed, missing, and filled teeth (Delta DMFT) score increased during the 3-year period) and non-increased group (Delta DMFT did not increase). Thirteen phyla, 21 classes, 32 orders, 48 families, 72 genera, and 156 species were identified. Microbial diversity in the increased group (n = 14) was similar to that in the non-increased group (n = 41). Relative abundances of the family Prevotellaceae (p = 0.007) and genera Alloprevotella (p = 0.007) and Dialister (p = 0.039) were enriched in the increased group compared with the non-increased group. Some bacterial taxonomic clades were differentially present between the two groups. These results may contribute to the development of new dental caries prevention strategies, including the development of detection kits and enlightenment activities for these bacteria

High Myopia and Its Associated Factors in JPHC-NEXT Eye Study: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

The increasing prevalence of high myopia has been noted. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics and the related factors of high myopia in a Japanese adult population. Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study for the Next Generation (JPHC-NEXT) Eye Study was performed in Chikusei-city, a rural area in mid-east Japan, between 2013 and 2015. A cross-sectional observational analysis was conducted to investigate prevalence and related factors of high myopia. A total of 6101 participants aged ≥40 years without a history of ocular surgeries was included. High myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction of ≤-6.00 diopters according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Potential high myopia-related factors included intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal structure, corneal endothelial cell density, age, height, body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, biochemical profile, and current history of systemic and ocular disorders. The odds ratios of high myopia were estimated using the logistic regression models adjusted for the associated factors. The prevalence of high myopia was 3.8% in males and 5.9% in females with a significant difference. Age was inversely associated, IOP was positively associated, and none of other factors were associated with high myopia in both sexes. In conclusion, only age and IOP were associated with high myopia in this community-based sample

Relationship between nerve fiber layer defect and the presence of epiretinal membrane in a Japanese population: The JPHC-NEXT Eye Study

The study subjects were residents of Chikusei city, Japan, aged 40 years or older who attended annual health check-up programs and participated in the JPHC-NEXT Eye Study which performed non-mydriatic fundus photography of both eyes. The relationship of glaucomatous fundus changes such as optic disc cupping (cup to disc ratio ≥ 0.7) and retinal nerve fiber layer defect (NFLD) with the presence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) were examined cross-sectionally. A total of 1990 persons gave consent to participate in this study in 2013. The overall prevalence of ERM was 12.9%. Of these, 1755 had fundus photographs of sufficient quality and no history of intraocular surgery (mean age: 62.3 ± 10.0 years). After adjusting for age, sex and refractive error, NFLD was positively associated with the presence of ERM (odds ratio [OR]: 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24, 4.96; P = 0.010), but optic disc cupping was not (OR: 1.33; CI: 0.71, 2.48; P = 0.37). The results did not necessarily suggest an association between glaucoma and ERM, but indicated an association between NFLD and ERM

Construction of possible integrated predictive index based on EGFR and ANXA3 polymorphisms for chemotherapy response in fluoropyrimidine-treated Japanese gastric cancer patients using a bioinformatic method

Selected genetic and clinical parameters of gastric cancer patients. (XLS 33 kb

Association between Household Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Dental Caries among Japanese Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

The long-term effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on dental caries among Japanese young adults remain unclear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether household exposure to SHS is associated with dental caries in permanent dentition among Japanese young adults. The study sample included 1905 first-year university students (age range: 18-19 years) who answered a questionnaire and participated in oral examinations. The degree of household exposure to SHS was categorized into four levels according to the SHS duration: no experience (-), past, current SHS = 10 years. Dental caries are expressed as the total number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score. The relationships between SHS and dental caries were determined by logistic regression analysis. DMFT scores (median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)) were significantly higher in the current SHS >= 10 years (median: 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)) than in the SHS-(median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)); p = 0.001). DMFT >= 1 was significantly associated with SHS >= 10 years (adjusted odds ratio: 1.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.87, p = 10 years) was associated with dental caries in permanent dentition among Japanese young adults