Prevalencia de anemia en embarazadas y la fortificación de harinas con hierro

Avaliou-se o impacto da fortificação das farinhas com ferro, na prevalência de anemia e concentração de hemoglobina de gestantes. Este estudo transversal retrospectivo foi desenvolvido em um Centro de Saúde Escola do município de São Paulo - SP. Os dados, colhidos de setembro a dezembro de 2006, foram obtidos de 750 prontuários de gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos (não fortificado e fortificado), antes e após a fortificação. Gestantes com nível de hemoglobina inferior a 11g/dl foram consideradas anêmicas. Realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla. A anemia afetava 9,2% e 8,6% das gestantes, antes e após a implantação do programa, respectivamente (p>0,05). A análise múltipla não evidenciou diferença estatística na média de hemoglobina entre os grupos (p=0,117). Os resultados indicaram uma baixa prevalência de anemia e médias de hemoglobina similares entre os grupos, fato que provavelmente não permitiu constatar o efeito da fortificação das farinhas.This study evaluated the impact of iron-fortified flours in the prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin levels of pregnant women. This transversal cross-sectional study was developed at a Health Center School in São Paulo - SP, Brazil. Data, collected from September to December of 2006, were obtained from 750 pregnant women's medical records and discriminated into two groups, before and after fortification: non-fortified and fortified. Pregnant women with hemoglobin levels lower than 11g/dl were considered anemic. Data were submitted to multiple regression analysis. Anemia affected 9.2% and 8.6% of pregnant women, before and after the fortification, respectively (p>0.05). Multiple analysis indicates no statistical difference in the mean hemoglobin levels between the groups (p=0.117). The results indicated a low prevalence of anemia and similar hemoglobin levels between the groups, which probably did not allow for demonstrating the effect of flour fortification.Se evaluó el impacto de la fortificación de harinas con hierro en la prevalencia de anemia y concentración de hemoglobina de gestantes. Este estudio transversal retrospectivo fue desarrollado en un Centro de Salud Escuela, de la ciudad de São Paulo - SP. Los datos, recogidos de septiembre a diciembre de 2006, fueron obtenidos de 750 manuales de gestantes, distribuidas en dos grupos, antes y después del inicio de la fortificación: no fortificado y fortificado. Las gestantes con nivel de hemoglobina inferior 11g/dl fueron consideradas anémicas. Se realizó el análisis de la regresión múltiple. La anemia afectó 9,2% y 8,6% de las gestantes, antes y después de la implantación del programa, respectivamente (p>0,05). El análisis de la regresión múltiple no evidenció diferencia estadística en el promedio de hemoglobina entre los grupos (p=0,117). Los resultados indicaron baja prevalencia de anemia y promedios similares de hemoglobina entre los grupos estudiados, hecho que probablemente no permitió demostrar el efecto de la fortificación de las harinas

Abnormal brain connectivity patterns in adults with ADHD : a coherence study

Studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the resting state have shown decreased functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN) in adult patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) relative to subjects with typical development (TD). Most studies used Pearson correlation coefficients among the BOLD signals from different brain regions to quantify functional connectivity. Since the Pearson correlation analysis only provides a limited description of functional connectivity, we investigated functional connectivity between the dACC and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in three groups (adult patients with ADHD, n = 21; TD age-matched subjects, n = 21; young TD subjects, n = 21) using a more comprehensive analytical approach – unsupervised machine learning using a one-class support vector machine (OC-SVM) that quantifies an abnormality index for each individual. The median abnormality index for patients with ADHD was greater than for TD agematched subjects (p = 0.014); the ADHD and young TD indices did not differ significantly (p = 0.480); the median abnormality index of young TD was greater than that of TD age-matched subjects (p = 0.016). Low frequencies below 0.05 Hz and around 0.20 Hz were the most relevant for discriminating between ADHD patients and TD age-matched controls and between the older and younger TD subjects. In addition, we validated our approach using the fMRI data of children publicly released by the ADHD-200 Competition, obtaining similar results. Our findings suggest that the abnormal coherence patterns observed in patients with ADHD in this study resemble the patterns observed in young typically developing subjects, which reinforces the hypothesis that ADHD is associated with brain maturation deficits

Measuring network's entropy in ADHD: A new approach to investigate neuropsychiatric disorders

The application of graph analysis methods to the topological organization of brain connectivity has been a useful tool in the characterization of brain related disorders. However, the availability of tools, which enable researchers to investigate functional brain networks, is still a major challenge. Most of the studies evaluating brain images are based on centrality and segregation measurements of complex networks. in this study, we applied the concept of graph spectral entropy (GSE) to quantify the complexity in the organization of brain networks. in addition, to enhance interpretability, we also combined graph spectral clustering to investigate the topological organization of sub-network's modules. We illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach by comparing brain networks between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and the brain networks of typical developing (TD) controls. the main findings highlighted that GSE involving sub-networks comprising the areas mostly bilateral pre and post central cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyri were statistically different (p-value = 0.002) between ADHD patients and TO controls. in the same conditions, the other conventional graph descriptors (betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient, and shortest path length) commonly used to identify connectivity abnormalities did not show statistical significant difference. We conclude that analysis of topological organization of brain sub-networks based on GSE can identify networks between brain regions previously unobserved to be in association with ADHD. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Pew Latin American FellowshipFed Univ ABC, Ctr Math Computat & Cognit, BR-09210170 Santo Andre, SP, BrazilPrinceton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USAPrinceton Univ, Neurosci Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociencias Clin, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Ctr Mol Biol & Genet Engn, BR-13083875 Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Comp Sci, Inst Math & Stat, BR-05508090 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociencias Clin, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Evaluating different methods of microarray data normalization

BACKGROUND: With the development of DNA hybridization microarray technologies, nowadays it is possible to simultaneously assess the expression levels of thousands to tens of thousands of genes. Quantitative comparison of microarrays uncovers distinct patterns of gene expression, which define different cellular phenotypes or cellular responses to drugs. Due to technical biases, normalization of the intensity levels is a pre-requisite to performing further statistical analyses. Therefore, choosing a suitable approach for normalization can be critical, deserving judicious consideration. RESULTS: Here, we considered three commonly used normalization approaches, namely: Loess, Splines and Wavelets, and two non-parametric regression methods, which have yet to be used for normalization, namely, the Kernel smoothing and Support Vector Regression. The results obtained were compared using artificial microarray data and benchmark studies. The results indicate that the Support Vector Regression is the most robust to outliers and that Kernel is the worst normalization technique, while no practical differences were observed between Loess, Splines and Wavelets. CONCLUSION: In face of our results, the Support Vector Regression is favored for microarray normalization due to its superiority when compared to the other methods for its robustness in estimating the normalization curve

Influência das cores no contexto educacional de Ciências e Matemática: uma revisão de literatura sobre a utilização de eye-tracking

Colors can be used to influence the attentional process and, consequently, the learning process. The visual gaze mapping technique using an eye-tracking system is a promising way to investigate this relation between colors and visual attention. The purpose of this literature review was to analyze studies about the use and influence of colors, along with the use of eye-tracking, in the educational context in Sciences and Mathematics. Studies published from 2005 to 2020 were considered in order to identify the state-of-the-art and possible gaps in this field. The results indicated that there are few studies which analyzed color as an isolated variable and the way that colors were used in the material. In addition, there is a scarcity of studies about the use of dynamic materials, studies that are carried out with participants from other levels besides higher education, and with participants with atypical neurodevelopment. The area of knowledge with most research on the topic was Biology and the most used pedagogical resource was figures with textAs cores podem ser usadas para influenciar o processo atencional e, consequentemente, o processo de aprendizagem. A técnica de mapeamento do foco visual utilizando um sistema de rastreamento ocular (eye-tracking) é uma forma promissora de se investigar esta relação entre cores e atenção visual. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi analisar estudos sobre o uso e a influência das cores, junto à utilização de rastreamento ocular, no contexto educacional em Ciências e Matemática. Considerou-se os estudos publicados de 2005 a 2020, a fim de identificar o estado da arte e possíveis lacunas na área. Os resultados indicaram que há poucos estudos que analisaram a cor como uma variável isolada e a forma que as cores foram empregadas no material. Além disso, há escassez de estudos sobre o uso de materiais dinâmicos, estudos que sejam realizados com participantes de outros níveis além do ensino superior, e em participantes com neurodesenvolvimento atípico. A área do conhecimento com mais pesquisas sobre o tema foi a Biologia e o recurso pedagógico mais utilizado foi o de figuras com texto

Default mode network maturation and environmental adversities during childhood

Default mode network (DMN) plays a central role in cognition and brain disorders. It has been shown that adverse environmental conditions impact neurodevelopment, but how these conditions impact in DMN maturation is still poorly understood. This article reviews representative neuroimaging functional studies addressing the interactions between DMN development and environmental factors, focusing on early life adversities, a critical period for brain changes. Studies focused on this period of life offer a special challenge: to disentangle the neurodevelopmental connectivity changes from those related to environmental conditions. We first summarized the literature on DMN maturation, providing an overview of both typical and atypical development patterns in childhood and early adolescence. Afterward, we focused on DMN changes associated with chronic exposure to environmental adversities during childhood. This summary suggests that changes in DMN development could be a potential allostatic neural feature associated with an embodiment of environmental circumstances. Finally, we discuss about some key methodological issues that should be considered in paradigms addressing environmental adversities and open questions for future investigations

Regional dynamics of the resting brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using fALFF and ReHo analyses

Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been playing an important role in the study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although functional connectivity is widely studied, the patterns of spontaneous neural activity of the resting brain are important mechanisms that have been used recently to study a variety of conditions but remain less explored in ALS. Here we have used fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) to study the regional dynamics of the resting brain of non-demented ALS patients compared with healthy controls. As expected, we found the sensorimotor network (SMN) with changes in fALFF and ReHo but also found the default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), salience (SN) networks altered and the cerebellum, although no structural changes between ALS patients and controls were reported in the regions with fALFF and ReHo changes. We show an altered pattern in the spontaneous low frequency oscillations that is not confined to the motor areas and reveal a more widespread involvement of non-motor regions, including those responsible for cognition

Multivariate gene expression analysis reveals functional connectivity changes between normal/tumoral prostates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death in the male population, therefore, a comprehensive study about the genes and the molecular networks involved in the tumoral prostate process becomes necessary. In order to understand the biological process behind potential biomarkers, we have analyzed a set of 57 cDNA microarrays containing ~25,000 genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Principal Component Analysis (PCA) combined with the Maximum-entropy Linear Discriminant Analysis (MLDA) were applied in order to identify genes with the most discriminative information between normal and tumoral prostatic tissues. Data analysis was carried out using three different approaches, namely: (i) differences in gene expression levels between normal and tumoral conditions from an univariate point of view; (ii) in a multivariate fashion using MLDA; and (iii) with a dependence network approach. Our results show that malignant transformation in the prostatic tissue is more related to functional connectivity changes in their dependence networks than to differential gene expression. The MYLK, KLK2, KLK3, HAN11, LTF, CSRP1 and TGM4 genes presented significant changes in their functional connectivity between normal and tumoral conditions and were also classified as the top seven most informative genes for the prostate cancer genesis process by our discriminant analysis. Moreover, among the identified genes we found classically known biomarkers and genes which are closely related to tumoral prostate, such as KLK3 and KLK2 and several other potential ones.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We have demonstrated that changes in functional connectivity may be implicit in the biological process which renders some genes more informative to discriminate between normal and tumoral conditions. Using the proposed method, namely, MLDA, in order to analyze the multivariate characteristic of genes, it was possible to capture the changes in dependence networks which are related to cell transformation.</p

Abnormal Cortico-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The cerebral cortex and the cerebellum are spatially remote areas that are connected by complex circuits that link both primary and associative areas. Previous studies have revealed abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, it is not clear whether cortico-cerebellar connectivity is differentially manifested in the disorder. To explore this issue, we investigated differences in intrinsic cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity between individuals with typical development (TD) and those with ASD. To this end, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of 708 subjects under a resting state protocol provided by the ABIDE I Consortium. We found that people with ASD had diminished functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the following cortical regions: (i) right fusiform gyrus, (ii) right postcentral gyrus, (iii) right superior temporal gyrus, (iv) right middle temporal gyrus, and (v) left middle temporal gyrus. All of these regions are involved in many cognitive systems that contribute to commonly affected functions in ASD. For right fusiform gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus, we reproduced the results in an independent cohort composed of 585 subjects of the ABIDE II Consortium. Our results points toward a consistent atypical cortico-cerebellar connectivity in ASD