Investigation of Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Potential of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of \u3cem\u3eProsopis juliflora\u3c/em\u3e DC.

Prosopis juliflora DC. is commonly known as mesquite . This tree is native to tropical America, but is naturalized in many countries including Egypt and India. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, acids, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids. In vitro antibacterial studies on the ethanolic leaf extracts were carried out on ten medically important bacterial strains (Salmonella typimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Psudomonas sp., Staphylococcus epidermis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococccus sp. and Bacillus subtilis) procured from the Microbial Type Culture and Collection, Chandigarh, India, using the agar disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains were exposed to the following four different concentrations of extracts: 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml solvent. The results of our antibacterial assay revealed that the extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the tested pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent

Phytochemical Investigation and Antibacterial Screening of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of \u3cem\u3eSapindus emarginatus\u3c/em\u3e Vahl.

Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. is extensively used in Indian traditional and folklore medicines to cure various human ailments. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, tannins, acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and sugars. In vitro antibacterial studies on the ethanolic leaf extracts were carried out on ten medically important bacterial strains, including Salmonella typimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus epidermis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococccus sp., and Bacillus subtilis, which were procured from the Microbial Type Cultrue and Collection, Chandigarh, India, using agar disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains were exposed to the following four different concentrations of extracts: 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml solvent. The results of our antibacterial assay revealed that the extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the tested pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent

Anti-tumor potential of total alkaloid extract of Prosopis juliflora DC. leaves against Molt-4 cells in vitro

The total alkaloid extract from Prosopis juliflora DC. leaves was obtained using acid/base modified extraction method. The in vitro anti-tumor potential of the extract was evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5- dimethythiazol-2yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) based cytotoxicity monitoring after 24, 48 and 72 h exposure of the MOLT-4 cells (1×106 cells/ml medium) to different concentration of the extract ranging from 10 to 100 μg/ml medium. The genotoxic potential of the extract was also tested using cytokinesis block in vitro micronucleus assay. Simultaneously, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the extract were compared with mitogen stimulated T-lymphocyte cultures derived from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. The MTT test revealed that, the extract exhibited comparatively higher toxicity towards the cancer cells than the normal cells at all the tested concentrations and at all the time points studied. The IC50 values of the extract at 24, 48 and 72 h were found to be 90.5, 42.5 and 20.0 μg/ml/1× 106 cells against cancer cells. The genotoxic assay showed that, in both cultures, the number of micronuclei obtained even at the highest exposure concentration tested was very low when compared with that of the micronuclei obtained with the positive control mitomycin-C. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that, P. juliflora leaf alkaloids are preferentially cytotoxic to human T-cell leukemia (Molt-4) cells in a dose and time dependent manner with the absence of genotoxicity.Key words: Prospis juliflora, alkaloids, molt-4 cells, MTT test, micronucleus assay

Thilakavathy's Unakagava Naan Novel

The author of the novel Unkakagava Naan deals with the problems faced by women in the society and it also brings out how those women overcomes many obstacles and succeeds in life. This article highlights the sufferings of the woman named Pragathi in this novel. This article tells us that no matter how educated a woman is, she is always known for her beauty. And the author narrates her hardships from her father to the teacher who comes to teach her. It also highlights her migration from Tamil Nadu to Kolkata, marriage interrupted several times and waiting as an old woman. It captures her perspective on men. Later she married a boy named Tarun and expressed her love to him. Marrying someone who is less educated thanher and promoting him in life is a very great thing and she raised him to big level. The purpose of this article is to raise the status of the woman through her knowledge to fight the hardships

Studies on Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of \u3cem\u3eTabebuia rosea\u3c/em\u3e (Bertol.) DC.

Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. is commonly grown as an ornamental tree for its grand and majestic pink or purple flowers which offer different shades of colours. The wood is valuable and used in the manufacture of furniture. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and alkaloids. In vitro antibacterial studies on the ethanolic leaf extracts were carried out on ten medically important bacterial strains, including Salmonella typimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Psudomonas sp., Staphylococcus epidermis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococccus sp. and Bacillus subtilis, which were procured from the Microbial Type Cultrue and Collection, Chandigarh, India, using agar disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains were exposed to the following four different concentrations of extracts: 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml solvent. The results of our antibacterial assay revealed that the extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the tested pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent

Bridgeless SEPIC Converter Based Computer Power Supply Using Coupled Inductor

Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are used as power source for computers. Conventional SMPS used in computers are suffered by some serious problems such as poor power quality, high device stress, slow dynamic response, high harmonic contents, periodically dense, peak currents, distorted input current. To minimize these problems, a non-isolated bridgeless buck-boost single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) using coupled inductor is introduced at the front end of the SMPS, which is operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). This proposed technique reduces the Total Harmonic Distortion(THD), which results in power factor improvement. The DC output voltage of the SMPS is almost a constant voltage which is regulated by means of the proposed SEPIC converter. For obtaining different dc voltage levels for the PC applications, the output of the front end SEPIC converter is fed to the half-bridge DC-DC converter. The output voltages of the SMPS are controlled by controlling any one of the output voltages. Design and simulation of the proposed converter are carried out using the MATLAB/simulink software

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Studies on the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of \u3cem\u3eNyctanthes arbortristis\u3c/em\u3e Linn.

Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. is extensively used in Indian traditional and folklore medicines to cure various human ailments. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and sugars. In vitro antibacterial studies on the ethanolic leaf extracts were carried out on ten medically important bacterial strains, including Salmonella typimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Psudomonas sp. Staphylococcus epidermis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococccus sp. and Bacillus subtilis, which were procured from the Microbial Type Cultrue and Collection, Chandigarh, India, using agar disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains were exposed to the following four different concentrations of extracts: 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 300mg/ml solvent. The results of our antibacterial assay revealed that the extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the tested pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The inhibitory activity was found to be dose dependent

Detection of multidrug resistance in klebsiella species by phenotypic and genotypic methods in a tertiary care hospital

BACKGROUND: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms have become a major threat for the human health. Especially nosocomial infections when hospitalized give problems with antibiotics susceptibility, because the hospital environment gives a constant selective pressure that favours resistance. Nosocomial infections are often caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms. One of these Gram-negative bacteria is Klebsiella species, which is naturally found in the gut microbiota of both humans and animals. Klebsiella species is a Gram negative opportunistic nosocomial pathogen and is known to cause community acquired infections. Klebsiella is known to produce bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, wound infections, blood stream infections and infections in the intensive care unit. This study is aimed to know the resistant pattern of multi drug resistant klebsiella species in various clinical samples received in microbiological labarotary in Rajiv Gandhi government general hospital. AIMS: To detect the Multidrug resistant Klebsiella species among various clinical specimens and to determine its resistance pattern by phenotypic and genotypic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 clinically significant, consecutive, non-duplicate isolates of Klebsiella spp. were included in this study. The isolates were tested by bacteriological culture, biochemical identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. ESBL, AmpCbetalactamase (AmpC), etallobetalactamase (MBL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producers were screened and confirmed by phenotypic methods based on guidelines given in CLSI 2016and EUCAST 2016. Molecular characterisation were analysed for bla KPC gene by RT-PCR. RESULTS: 200 Multidrug resistant Klebsiella strains were isolated mainly from Intensive care unit (29%) followed by Orthopaedic ward (16.5%).Among these 200 Multidrug resistant Klebsiella isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp aerogenes (48%) was the most common species isolated followed by Klebsiella oxytoca(46%) and Klebsiella pneumonia subsp pneumoniae(6%). Among these 200 isolates 119(59.5%) showed ESBL production,16(8%) showed Metallobetalactamases, 13(6.5%)showed AmpC production and 12(6%) showed KPC production and 25(12.5%) were enzyme co producers. All resistance mechanisms were most common in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Metallobeta lactamase production were more common in Klebsiella oxytoca. CONCLUSION: In view of controlling these resistant strains of Klebsiella isolates, early and simultaneous detection of these resistance pattern(ESBL, AMPC, MBL and KPC) and strict adherence to antibiotic policies by curtailing injudicious use of antibiotics and implementation of antimicrobial Stewardship would prevent the emergence and the cross transmission of multidrug resistant organisms

Scientific Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti Cancer Activity of Kanchanara Guggulu Vati by Invitro Methods

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the polyherbal formulation “Kanchanara guggulu vati”. To evaluate the antioxidant activity (DPPH method) of polyherbal formulation “Kanchanara guggulu vati”. To evaluate the IC50 concentration of methanolic crude extract of “Kanchanara guggulu vati” by in- vitro cytotoxicity method (MTT assay). To isolate the flavonoid fraction from polyherbal formulation “Kanchanara guggulu vati” by column chromatography. Characterization of isolated flavonoid fraction by FT-IR and GC-MS. To evaluate the IC50 concentration of isolated flavonoid fraction of Kanchanara guggulu vati by in- vitro cytotoxicity method (MTT assay). To determine the DNA fragmentation activity of isolated flavonoid fraction from “Kanchanara guggulu vati”.DISCUSSION: Breast cancer is malignant neoplasm of breast tissue. It is most commonly occurring cancer in females. It accounts for 23% of newly occurring cancer worldwide and represents 13.7% of all cancer death. In both developed and developing countries, breast cancer mortality and incidence rates are projected to rising continuously.[10] With increase in mortality rates among patients suffering from cancer with limited success being achieved in clinical therapies including radiation, chemotherapy, immune modulation and surgery in treating cancer patients, there arises a need for new way for cancer treatment.[95] Nature has given us a variety of useful medication to cure number of diseases. The role of natural products as a source of remedies for diseases can be dated back to 1500 BC. It has been estimated that 60% of the approved drugs used for treating cancer are derived from natural sources. After long folk practices, many Indian medicines have been screened and they are used for treating and preventing various chronic disorders like cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Ayurvedic medicines were found to be able to cure diseases better, which were previously not amenable to Western practices. Traditional Indian medicine with its evolution through centuries has always fascinated practitioners and researchers for its applications in a cancer treatment on a scientifically proven research background. Herbal drugs consisting of multiple herb each possessing tremendous potential for a cancer cure are commonly used in Ayurveda. [1] Kanchanara guggulu vati is an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation which consisting of twelve herbs and it is extensively used for the treatment of hypothyroidism and obesity, PCOS, tumor, skin diseases and also used as immune system booster, appetite stimulant, and detoxifier.[19] The phytochemical analysis of methanolic crude extract from Kanchanara guggulu vati revealed that the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and alkaloids.CONCLUSION: The phyto chemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, fixed oils& fatty acids, and steroids, carbohydrates and saponins. MTT assay was carried out for methanolic crude extract of Kanchanara guggulu, which inhibited 50% of cell growth at the concentration of 55.26μg/ml. The flavonoid fraction was isolated by column chromatography and it was characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. The isolated flavonoid fraction was subjected to MTT assay, which inhibited 50% of cell growth at the concentration of 38.68μg/ml. DNA fragmentation was observed in flavonoid fraction treated cells, which confirmed the ability of Kanchanara guggulu induced apoptotic cell death. The cytotoxicity activity, apoptotic studies which were carried out in extract of Kanchanara guggulu using in-vitro methods can be confirmed with in-vivo animal models for the future perspective

Assessment of medical students’ attitude towards didactic lectures taken in pharmacology in a private medical college

Background: To assess the attitude of second year medical students towards the teaching Principles in Pharmacology didactic lecture classes.Methods: It was a descriptive epidemiological and questionnaire based study. Second year students who were attending pharmacology lecture classes for a period of one month (nearly 8 lectures) were given questionnaire and ask to fill it by assessing the theory classes which was conducted throughout that month. Each question was graded with mark and finally total score was converted to 50 marks. Five-level Likert’s criteria were used to analyze few questions in the questionnaire. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution.Results: Out of 115 students who attended the questionnaire session, 61% students were having a very good and better attitude towards the faculty talking Pharmacology lecture classes and remaining students have a few lacking areas in the teaching mode which should be analyzed.Conclusions: Students have good attitude towards the faculty taking didactic lectures and the lacking areas can be future improved by efficient planning of interactive and interesting lecture methods for the usefulness of students as well as the teacher