BAHASA DJENAR MAESA AYU DALAM KUMPULAN CERPEN SAIA Analisis Ginokritik

Penelitian ini membahas tentang bahasa yang digunakan Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam kumpulan cerpen SAIA. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis ginokritik, dengan menekankan pada kepengarangan perempuan dan bahasa perempuan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis dan menjelaskan kategori bahasa yang digunakan Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam menghasilkan karya-karyanya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahap metode, yaitu pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan penyajian hasil analisis data. Untuk memudahkan menganalisis, peneliti menggunakan analisis unsur intrinsik dengan membatasi relasi antar unsur dalam struktur yaitu tokoh dan penokohan, latar, konflik, dan gaya bahasa. Ruang lingkup kajian terbatas pada masalah bahasa Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam kumpulan cerpen SAIA. Bahasa Djenar Maesa Ayu terdiri dari tiga kategori bahasa, yaitu makna tersurat dan tersirat, bentuk ekspresi tubuh dalam bahasa perempuan, dan unsur multifokal perempuan. Tiga kategori tersebut merupakan ciri dan bentuk dari kepengarangan perempuan dan bahasa perempuan. Pengarang perempuan menggunakan lambang dan metafora dalam karyanya yang mengacu pada makna tersurat dan tersirat. Lalu, terdapat beberapa bentuk ekspresi tubuh dalam karya Djenar Maesa Ayu yang membenarkan bahwa kepengarangan perempuan cenderung menggunakan bahasa yang rapat dengan aspek tubuh badan perempuan, dari segi pemilihan kata maupun struktur kalimat. Selain itu, unsur multifokal juga merupakan hal identik yang terdapat dalam kepengarangan perempuan, karena perempuan dikenal memiliki banyak pusat berahi (multifokal). Perempuan memiliki dasar pemikiran yang banyak dalam satu masalah dan cara penceritaan pengarang perempuan juga tidak fokus dan kabur. Kata kunci: Cerpen, Djenar Maesa Ayu, Kepengarangan perempuan dan bahasa perempuan, dan Ginokritik

Temporal Effects of Cyclic Stretching on Distribution and Gene Expression of Integrin and Cytoskeleton by Ligament Fibroblasts In Vitro

Cyclic stretching is pivotal to maintenance of the ligaments. However, it is still not clear when ligament fibroblasts switch on expression of genes related to the mechanotransduction pathway in response to cyclic stretching. This in vitro study investigated, using ligament fibroblasts, the time-dependent changes in distribution and gene expression of β1 integrin, the cytoskeleton, and collagens after the application of 6% cyclic stretching at a frequency of 0.1 Hz for 3 hr on silicon membranes. We carried out confocal laser scanning microscopy to demonstrate changes in distribution of these components as well as quantitative real-time RT-PCR to quantify levels of these gene expression both during application of cyclic stretching and at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 18 hr after the termination of stretching. Control (unstretched) cells were used at each time point. Within 1 hr of the application of stretching, the fibroblasts and their actin stress fibers became aligned in a direction perpendicular to the major axis of stretch, whereas control (unstretched) cells were randomly distributed. In response to cyclic stretching, upregulation of actin at the mRNA level was first observed within 1 hr after the onset of stretching, while upregulation of β1 integrin and type I and type III collagens was observed between 2 and 12 hr after the termination of stretching. These results indicate that the fibroblasts quickly modify their morphology in response to cyclic stretching, and subsequently they upregulate the expression of genes related to the mechanotransduction pathway mainly during the resting period after the termination of stretching

がん患者に配慮したヘアハットに関する意識と現地の状況（第1報）/3ヵ国の視察にみる帽子の比較・考察

本研究は、日本人の死因の第一位であるガン患者に対し、治療中にも適応できる機能性（着心地）と美観（見た目の美しさ）に配慮したヘアハットの設計理論構築を目的としている。本報では、2013年から2014年にかけて、北欧3 ヵ国と米国、中国上海の福祉施設及び福祉機器展示会を視察した際に、がん患者に配慮した帽子の現状と課題について調査した内容を報告する。結果、今回の視察から、国により、がん患者に配慮した帽子に対する意識に差異があった。また、帽子のデザインに関しては、日本は、編み地が多く、柄ものはストライプとチェック、花柄、幾何柄が少しある程度で、ほとんどが無地であった。反面、北欧と米国では、編み地の他に織物もあり、柄ものが多く、巻き式などデザインにバリエーションがあった。素材に関しては、日本の方が編み地が多く、ソフトな肌触りや天然素材100％使用にこだわっていた。This study is intended to build a theory of designing hair caps for patients with cancer, the biggest killer of Japanese people, in consideration of functionality (wear comfort) and aesthetics (apparent beauty) so that they are wearable even during treatment. This report describes the current status of and challenges to caps designed for cancer patients that were researched during inspection visits to welfare facilities and welfare equipment exhibitions in three Scandinavian countries, the United States and Shanghai, China, in 2013 and 2014. Results from the recent inspection visits revealed differences between the countries in people’s awareness of caps designed for cancer patients. It was also found with respect to cap design that many of those caps in Japan were knit ones, mostly plain-colored, with some having a pattern such as being striped, checked, flowered or geometric. Meanwhile, in the Scandinavian countries and the U.S., textile caps as well as knit ones were available, with many having a pattern, and there was a variation in design, Japan edited the material, and a lot of knitting place was made much of about soft feel and natural material 100% use

日・中・韓の学術交流にみる高齢社会に対応したファッションデザイン教育プログラムの構築

　本研究は、現在、ファッションデザイン教育が、若者の体型や志向を対象に、西洋の衣服設計理論を基軸とした教育である現状に対し、「ユニバーサルファッション－国籍や年齢、障害の有無に関わらず誰もが快適な衣生活を送れるデザインの手法－」を、アジア地域の教育カリキュラムの基盤とし、アジア地域の文化、アジア人の体型やライフスタイルに適した衣服設計理論を構築することを目的としている。本報告は、「ユニバーサルファッション」と「温故創新－日本の伝統美と日本の機能美」をテーマに、中国・韓国でファッションショーや作品展示・シンポジウムを開催した経過や内容を説いている。これら一連の研究活動を通じて、ファッションデザイン教育関係者のみならず、福祉・医療関係者やファッション産業関係者、公的機関、報道関係も高い関心をもち、本研究の必要性が確認できた。また、韓国や中国では、自国の伝統文化を継承したいという意向が高まってきており、西洋ファッションとは異なる独自性あるアジアファッション教育の必要性も確認できた。Currently, fashion design education is conducted targeting the physique and taste of young people based on Western fashion design theory. In this study, we aimed to build a fashion design theory suitable for Asian cultures and the body shapes and lifestyles of Asians, based on the education curriculum for the Asian region, which is “Universal fashion” In this report, we explained the background and nationality, age, and presence or absence of disabilities.” In this report, we explained the background and contents of fashion shows, exhibitions, and symposiums with the themes of “Universal fashion” and “Learning lessons from the past – the beauty of tradition and function in Japan” held in China and Korea. Through a series of research activities, our study attracted the attention of not only people in fashion design education but also people in the welfare and healthcare sectors, the fashion industry, public institutions, and news media, thus confirming to us the importance of our research. In Korea and China, people increasingly desire to inherit the traditional culture of their countries, and we confirmed the necessity of fashion education that is unique to Asia and different from Western fashion

体型特性が認められる女性高齢者に配慮した衣服設計システム構築のための基盤研究

　本研究は、加齢や疾病により体型特性がみられる円背高齢女性に対し、機能と美観に配慮した衣服製作ガイドラインを提示する実践的研究である。円背高齢女性の衣服製作には、人体形状や傾きに視点を置いた衣服製作が求められていることから、その体型特性を把握することが必要である。そこで本報では、高齢女性42名に対し、「衣生活意識」「人体計測1－マルチン計測」「人体計測2－三次元計測」「歩行」「写真判定」を実施し、体型特性を把握する資料を収集した。特に、「人体計測1－マルチン計測」「人体計測2－三次元計測」「写真判定」の調査では、高齢女性42名の中から円背姿勢の判定基準を策定する手掛かりが得られた。今後は、「被験者選定」「衣生活意識」「人体計測1－マルチン計測」「人体計測2－三次元計測」「写真判定」「データ解析」「体型特性把握」の手順で研究を実施し、「円背高齢女性衣服製作法のガイドライン」の提示を行う。The present study is a practical study suggesting guidelines for the manufacture of clothing that considers function and form for elderly women with kyphotic spines due to old age or disease. Manufacturing clothing for kyphotic elderly women requires the establishment of a frame of reference for body shape and bending, and therefore requires understanding the features of these body shapes. Therefore, the present report carries out “clothing life awareness surveys,” “anthropometry 1: Martin anthropometry,” “anthropometry 2: 3D anthropometry,” “gait examination,” and “photograph analysis” on 42 elderly women and gathers materials for understanding the features of body shapes. Specifically, “anthropometry 1: Martin anthropometry,” “anthropometry 2: 3D anthropometry,” and “photograph analysis” studies were key to the formulation of kyphotic posture criteria on 42 elderly women. In the future, we aim to present “guidelines on clothing manufacture methods for kyphotic elderly women” and to carry out research with the process of “test subject selection,” “clothing lifestyle investigation,” “anthropometry 1: Martin anthropometry,” “anthropometry 2: 3D anthropometry,” “photograph analysis,” “data analysis,” and “understanding features of body shape and gait.

A multilocus assay reveals high nucleotide diversity and limited differentiation among Scandinavian willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There is so far very little data on autosomal nucleotide diversity in birds, except for data from the domesticated chicken and some passerines species. Estimates of nucleotide diversity reported so far in birds have been high (~10^-3) and a likely explanation for this is the generally higher effective population sizes compared to mammals. In this study, the level of nucleotide diversity has been examined in the willow grouse, a non-domesticated bird species from the order Galliformes, which also holds the chicken. The willow grouse (<it>Lagopus lagopus</it>) has an almost circumpolar distribution but is absent from Greenland and the north Atlantic islands. It primarily inhabits tundra, forest edge habitats and sub-alpine vegetation. Willow grouse are hunted throughout its range, and regionally it is a game bird of great cultural and economical importance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We sequenced 18 autosomal protein coding loci from approximately 15–18 individuals per population. We found a total of 127 SNP's, which corresponds to 1 SNP every 51 bp. 26 SNP's were amino acid replacement substitutions. Total nucleotide diversity (<it>π</it>_<it>t</it>) was between 1.30 × 10^-4and 7.66 × 10^-3(average <it>π</it>_{<it>t </it>}= 2.72 × 10^-3± 2.06 × 10^-3) and silent nucleotide diversity varied between 4.20 × 10^-4and 2.76 × 10^-2(average <it>π</it>_{<it>S </it>}= 9.22 × 10^-3± 7.43 × 10^-4). The synonymous diversity is approximately 20 times higher than in humans and two times higher than in chicken. Non-synonymous diversity was on average 18 times lower than the synonymous diversity and varied between 0 and 4.90 × 10^-3(average <it>π</it>_{<it>a </it>}= 5.08 × 10^-4± 7.43 × 10³), which suggest that purifying selection is strong in these genes. <it>F</it>_STvalues based on synonymous SNP's varied between -5.60 × 10^-4and 0.20 among loci and revealed low levels of differentiation among the four localities, with an overall value of <it>F</it>_ST= 0.03 (95% CI: 0.006 – 0.057) over 60 unlinked loci. Non-synonymous SNP's gave similar results. Low levels of linkage disequilibrium were observed within genes, with an average r²= 0.084 ± 0.110, which is expected for a large outbred population with no population differentiation. The mean per site per generation recombination parameter (ρ) was comparably high (0.028 ± 0.018), indicating high recombination rates in these genes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We found unusually high levels of nucleotide diversity in the Scandinavian willow grouse as well as very little population structure among localities with up to 1647 km distance. There are also low levels of linkage disequilibrium within the genes and the population recombination rate is high, which is indicative of an old panmictic population, where recombination has had time to break up any haplotype blocks. The non-synonymous nucleotide diversity is low compared with the silent, which is in agreement with effective purifying selection, possibly due to the large effective population size.</p

人間工学に基づいたデザイン教育に関する研究

現在、人間工学の基礎データ収集機器として三次元人体計測器やモーションキャプチャー等が活用されている。これらの機器から得られた数値データは、ファッションやプロダクトデザイン等のモノづくり企業を中心に活用されている。本研究は、三次元人体計測器を調査研究の対象機器とする。本機器には、人体の詳細な部位を計測する数値データと人体の形状をあらゆる角度から視覚的に、感覚的に、捉える事が出来るビジュアルデータを測る高度な機能が付加されている。それら両者の機能に着目し、ファッション・CG 分野の視点からその活用法を探る。Nowadays three-dimensional anthropometric devicesand motion capture are being used to collect basicergonomic data.The numerical data acquired by these devices are mainlybeing utilized by manufacturing companies, such asthose involved in fashion or product design.This study presents investigative research on a three-dimensional anthropometric device.This device has advanced functions to gauge numericaldata that measure specific parts of the body and visualdata that can intuitively and visually grasp the form ofthe body from every angle.The study focuses on both these functions and explorespractical uses from the perspective of the fields of fashionand computer graphics