Cooperative Algorithms for MIMO Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks

Interference alignment is a signaling technique that provides high multiplexing gain in the interference channel. It can be extended to multi-hop interference channels, where relays aid transmission between sources and destinations. In addition to coverage extension and capacity enhancement, relays increase the multiplexing gain in the interference channel. In this paper, three cooperative algorithms are proposed for a multiple-antenna amplify-and-forward (AF) relay interference channel. The algorithms design the transmitters and relays so that interference at the receivers can be aligned and canceled. The first algorithm minimizes the sum power of enhanced noise from the relays and interference at the receivers. The second and third algorithms rely on a connection between mean square error and mutual information to solve the end-to-end sum-rate maximization problem with either equality or inequality power constraints via matrix-weighted sum mean square error minimization. The resulting iterative algorithms converge to stationary points of the corresponding optimization problems. Simulations show that the proposed algorithms achieve higher end-to-end sum-rates and multiplexing gains that existing strategies for AF relays, decode-and-forward relays, and direct transmission. The first algorithm outperforms the other algorithms at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but performs worse than them at low SNR. Thanks to power control, the third algorithm outperforms the second algorithm at the cost of overhead.Comment: submitted to IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing in December 2011, revised in April 2012 and in September 201

Characterizing Vaccination Movements on YouTube in the United States and Brazil

In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, social networks such as Twitter and YouTube stand out as important sources of information. YouTube, as the largest and most engaging online media consumption platform, has a large influence in the spread of information and misinformation, which makes it important to study how it deals with the problems that arise from disinformation, as well as how its users interact with different types of content. Considering that United States (USA) and Brazil (BR) are two countries with the highest COVID-19 death tolls, we asked the following question: What are the nuances of vaccination campaigns in the two countries? With that in mind, we engage in a comparative analysis of pro and anti-vaccine movements on YouTube. We also investigate the role of YouTube in countering online vaccine misinformation in USA and BR. For this means, we monitored the removal of vaccine related content on the platform and also applied various techniques to analyze the differences in discourse and engagement in pro and anti-vaccine "comment sections". We found that American anti-vaccine content tend to lead to considerably more toxic and negative discussion than their pro-vaccine counterparts while also leading to 18% higher user-user engagement, while Brazilian anti-vaccine content was significantly less engaging. We also found that pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine discourses are considerably different as the former is associated with conspiracy theories (e.g. ccp), misinformation and alternative medicine (e.g. hydroxychloroquine), while the latter is associated with protective measures. Finally, it was observed that YouTube content removals are still insufficient, with only approximately 16% of the anti-vaccine content being removed by the end of the studied period, with the USA registering the highest percentage of removed anti-vaccine content(34%) and BR registering the lowest(9.8%).Comment: Accepted at ACM HT 2022, 15 pages, 7 figure

Endocrine and metabolic differences between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows and implications for reproductive management

Abstract Based on the considerable differences in ovarian morphology and function, as well as circulating hormones and metabolites between Bos indicus (B. indicus) and Bos taurus (B. taurus), researchers are using this acquired knowledge to optimize protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI), and production of in vivo derived embryos by multiple ovulation or by in vitro embryo production (IVP). In B. indicus, at the time of follicle deviation, the dominant follicle is smaller and acquires ovulatory capacity at a smaller diameter than B. taurus. Moreover, despite ovulating smaller follicles and having smaller corpora lutea (CL), circulating concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are greater in B. indicus than B. taurus. These physiological differences may be related to greater circulating cholesterol, insulin and IGF1 in B. indicus than in B. taurus. For both genetic groups there is a negative relationship between circulating P4 and ovulatory response to the first GnRH treatment of a fixed-time AI (FTAI) protocol. Moreover, despite lower clearance rates of steroid hormones in B. indicus than B. taurus, the dose of 2 mg estradiol benzoate seems to be the most effective either for Nelore (B. indicus beef), Angus (B. taurus beef), or Holstein (B. taurus dairy) cows at the initiation of an E2/P4-based FTAI protocol to optimize synchronization and pregnancy per AI (P/AI). Several studies have shown that only one recommended dose of PGF2α at a FTAI protocol may be insufficient for adequate luteolysis in B. indicus and B. taurus. When submitted to multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, B. indicus cows and heifers need less FSH than B. taurus to achieve superovulation. Moreover, IVP has been more successful in B. indicus than B. taurus due to greater antral follicle count and anti-mullerian hormone, and better oocyte quality

Análise das mudanças ambientais da Geleira Viéville, Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Antártica

This paper aims to investigate environmental changes in Vieville Glacier, located in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, with the use of the Geography Information System (GIS) and meteorological data. Aerial photographs (1956 and 1979), SPOT (1988, 1995 e 2000) and COSMO-SkyMed (2011) images were used to mapping and generate data of the glacial areas to provide the glacial pattern of retreat reconstruction. The retreat data demonstrated that the Viéville Glacier had 23.49 km² in area in 1956 and changed for 19.01 km² in 2011 without glacial front advance in the studied period. The Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was used for generated hypsometric, slope, aspect and hillshade maps. Image digital processing results demonstrated the spatial dispersion pattern of the water plume zones in glaciomarine environment (in front section of the glacier). These results indicated that the sediment delivery and meltwater flow are related with glacial retreat process through of the subglacial melt with wet-based subglacial conditions.Este artigo objetiva analisar as mudanças ambientais na Geleira Viéville, localizada na Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Antártica, com a utilização de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e dados meteorológicos. Por meio de fotografias aéreas (1956 e 1979), imagens SPOT (1988, 1995 e 2000) e COSMO-SkyMed (2011) foram mapeadas as áreas em diferentes anos da geleira para auxiliar na reconstrução do padrão de retração. Os dados de retração demonstram que a área da geleira passou de 23,49 km² de área em 1956 para 19,01 km² em 2011, sem avanço frontal neste período. Com base no Modelo Digital de Terreno (MDT) foram derivados mapas de hipsometria, declividade, aspecto e sombreamento. Técnicas de processamento digital de imagens demonstraram o padrão de dispersão espacial da turbidez na água no ambiente glaciomarinho (na parte frontal da geleira). Estes resultados indicam que o aporte de sedimentos e fluxo da água de degelo está relacionado com o processo de retração da geleira por fusão subglacial em condições de regime termo-basal úmido

FAN1 controls mismatch repair complex assembly via MLH1 retention to stabilize CAG repeat expansion in Huntington's disease

CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene drives Huntington’s disease (HD) pathogenesis and is modulated by DNA damage repair pathways. In this context, the interaction between FAN1, a DNA-structure-specific nuclease, and MLH1, member of the DNA mismatch repair pathway (MMR), is not defined. Here, we identify a highly conserved SPYF motif at the N terminus of FAN1 that binds to MLH1. Our data support a model where FAN1 has two distinct functions to stabilize CAG repeats. On one hand, it binds MLH1 to restrict its recruitment by MSH3, thus inhibiting the assembly of a functional MMR complex that would otherwise promote CAG repeat expansion. On the other hand, it promotes accurate repair via its nuclease activity. These data highlight a potential avenue for HD therapeutics in attenuating somatic expansion

TaC formation on graphite surface. Part I: Immersion in aqueous solution of TaF7(2-)

The atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization in graphite oven, as an analytical method, possesses a great advantage of high sensibility detection; due to this advantage, it has been largely accepted as an analytical routine in application and research laboratories. In spite of its large detection power, the application of this methodology is limited by the operation cost and by the chemical interaction of some elements with the graphite tube surface. This work presents the methodologies of formation of tantalum carbide in the surface of graphite tubes by immersion of the graphite tube in aqueous solution of TaF7(2-). The samples obtained following this methodology were thermally treated in order to obtain the tantalum carbide. The homogeneity of the formed layers and their morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy; the formation of tantalum carbide was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.A espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite, como método analítico, possui uma grande vantagem que é a sensibilidade na detecção, tendo assim grande aceitação como rotina analítica em laboratórios de aplicação e pesquisa. Apesar desta metodologia possuir grande poder de detecção, sua aplicação é limitada pelo custo de operação e pela interação química de alguns elementos com a superfície do tubo de grafite. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para obtenção de uma camada de carbeto de tântalo na superfície do grafite, cujas propriedades permitem a atomização do analito sem interferência da camada formada. A metodologia apresentada neste trabalho é a imersão do tubo de grafite em solução aquosa de TaF7(2-). Os corpos de prova obtidos foram submetidos a tratamentos térmicos para a formação do carbeto de tântalo. A homogeneidade das camadas formadas e suas morfologias foram acompanhadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a formação do carbeto de tântalo foi confirmada por difratometria de raios X.14414

Interleukin-1β sequesters hypoxia inducible factor 2α to the primary cilium.

BACKGROUND: The primary cilium coordinates signalling in development, health and disease. Previously we have shown that the cilium is essential for the anabolic response to loading and the inflammatory response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We have also shown the primary cilium elongates in response to IL-1β exposure. Both anabolic phenotype and inflammatory pathology are proposed to be dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2α). The present study tests the hypothesis that an association exists between the primary cilium and HIFs in inflammatory signalling. RESULTS: Here we show, in articular chondrocytes, that IL-1β-induces primary cilia elongation with alterations to cilia trafficking of arl13b. This elongation is associated with a transient increase in HIF-2α expression and accumulation in the primary cilium. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition results in primary cilia elongation also associated with accumulation of HIF-2α in the ciliary base and axoneme. This recruitment and the associated cilia elongation is not inhibited by blockade of HIFα transcription activity or rescue of basal HIF-2α expression. Hypomorphic mutation to intraflagellar transport protein IFT88 results in limited ciliogenesis. This is associated with increased HIF-2α expression and inhibited response to prolyl hydroxylase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ciliary sequestration of HIF-2α provides negative regulation of HIF-2α expression and potentially activity. This study indicates, for the first time, that the primary cilium regulates HIF signalling during inflammation

Toward visualization of nanomachines in their native cellular environment

The cellular nanocosm is made up of numerous types of macromolecular complexes or biological nanomachines. These form functional modules that are organized into complex subcellular networks. Information on the ultra-structure of these nanomachines has mainly been obtained by analyzing isolated structures, using imaging techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, or single particle electron microscopy (EM). Yet there is a strong need to image biological complexes in a native state and within a cellular environment, in order to gain a better understanding of their functions. Emerging methods in EM are now making this goal reachable. Cryo-electron tomography bypasses the need for conventional fixatives, dehydration and stains, so that a close-to-native environment is retained. As this technique is approaching macromolecular resolution, it is possible to create maps of individual macromolecular complexes. X-ray and NMR data can be ‘docked’ or fitted into the lower resolution particle density maps to create a macromolecular atlas of the cell under normal and pathological conditions. The majority of cells, however, are too thick to be imaged in an intact state and therefore methods such as ‘high pressure freezing’ with ‘freeze-substitution followed by room temperature plastic sectioning’ or ‘cryo-sectioning of unperturbed vitreous fully hydrated samples’ have been introduced for electron tomography. Here, we review methodological considerations for visualizing nanomachines in a close-to-physiological, cellular context. EM is in a renaissance, and further innovations and training in this field should be fully supported

Attitudes Towards End-of-Life Decisions and the Subjective Concepts of Consciousness: An Empirical Analysis

Background: People have fought for their civil rights, primarily the right to live in dignity. At present, the development of technology in medicine and healthcare led to an apparent paradox: many people are fighting for the right to die. This study was aimed at testing whether different moral principles are associated with different attitudes towards end-of-life decisions for patients with a severe brain damage. Methodology: We focused on the ethical decisions about withdrawing life-sustaining treatments in patients with severe brain damage. 202 undergraduate students at the University of Padova were given one description drawn from four profiles describing different pathological states: the permanent vegetative state, the minimally conscious state, the locked-in syndrome, and the terminal illness. Participants were asked to evaluate how dead or how alive the patient was, and how appropriate it was to satisfy the patient's desire. Principal Findings: We found that the moral principles in which people believe affect not only people's judgments concerning the appropriateness of the withdrawal of life support, but also the perception of the death status of patients with severe brain injury. In particular, we found that the supporters of the Free Choice (FC) principle perceived the death status of the patients with different pathologies differently: the more people believe in the FC, the more they perceived patients as dead in pathologies where conscious awareness is severely impaired. By contrast, participants who agree with the Sanctity of Life (SL) principle did not show differences across pathologies. Conclusions: These results may shed light on the complex aspects of moral consensus for supporting or rejecting end-of-life decisions