In vivo study of BIN1 impact on late onset Alzheimer disease

La maladie d’Alzheimer à forme tardive, exempte de mutations, représente près de 99% des 850 000 cas répertoriés en France. Hormis l’âge, des facteurs génétiques comme BIN1 apparaissent déterminant dans l’établissement de l’amyloïdopathie et de la tauopathie, marqueurs constitutifs de cette maladie. Le travail de thèse est basé sur l’étude d’une surexpression du gène humain de BIN1 et de son impact dans un contexte murin de tauopathie. La surexpression seule de BIN1 entraine des défauts mnésiques à court terme associés à des anomalies cellulaires et moléculaires au niveau de la voie temporo-hippocampique. Ces altérations sont exacerbées par la combinaison de la souris TgBIN1 avec le modèle de tauopathie, à la fois chez les mâles et les femelles. Pour autant il apparait que la surexpression de BIN1 préserve la mémoire spatiale dépendamment de l’âge et du sexe. L’hippocampe apparait en grande partie préservé des inclusions intracellulaires de Tau et la myéline des fibres axonales est retrouvé intacte. Ces éléments mettent en évidence que BIN1 est un acteur important dans l’établissement de la tauopathie et que son activité neuro-protectrice peut être médiée par un complexe moléculaire direct impliquant à la fois Tau et RNT4-A/Nogo-A.Late Onset Alzheimer Disease represents more than 99% of total Alzheimer cases and it is not caused by genetic mutations. Among risk factors such as age, genetic compounds as BIN1 appear to be determinant for the pathological process establishment. This study aims to determine the BIN1 overexpression effect in mice and in a tauopathy context. In this study, BIN1 overexpression alone caused short term memory impairments linked with the cellular and molecular abnormalities. These disorders are exacerbated by a combination of TgBIN1 mice with a tauopathy model, both in males and females. Surprisingly, BIN1 overexpression rescued long term and spatial memory regarding the age and sex. Hippocampus appeared to be preserved from intracellular Tau inclusions. Moreover, fornix myelin is found intact. These elements highlighted BIN1 which is a key gene in tauopathie establishment. BIN1 neuroprotective activity is mediated by direct molecular interactions both with Tau and RTN4-A/Nogo-A

In vivo study of BIN1 impact on late onset Alzheimer disease

La maladie d’Alzheimer à forme tardive, exempte de mutations, représente près de 99% des 850 000 cas répertoriés en France. Hormis l’âge, des facteurs génétiques comme BIN1 apparaissent déterminant dans l’établissement de l’amyloïdopathie et de la tauopathie, marqueurs constitutifs de cette maladie. Le travail de thèse est basé sur l’étude d’une surexpression du gène humain de BIN1 et de son impact dans un contexte murin de tauopathie. La surexpression seule de BIN1 entraine des défauts mnésiques à court terme associés à des anomalies cellulaires et moléculaires au niveau de la voie temporo-hippocampique. Ces altérations sont exacerbées par la combinaison de la souris TgBIN1 avec le modèle de tauopathie, à la fois chez les mâles et les femelles. Pour autant il apparait que la surexpression de BIN1 préserve la mémoire spatiale dépendamment de l’âge et du sexe. L’hippocampe apparait en grande partie préservé des inclusions intracellulaires de Tau et la myéline des fibres axonales est retrouvé intacte. Ces éléments mettent en évidence que BIN1 est un acteur important dans l’établissement de la tauopathie et que son activité neuro-protectrice peut être médiée par un complexe moléculaire direct impliquant à la fois Tau et RNT4-A/Nogo-A.Late Onset Alzheimer Disease represents more than 99% of total Alzheimer cases and it is not caused by genetic mutations. Among risk factors such as age, genetic compounds as BIN1 appear to be determinant for the pathological process establishment. This study aims to determine the BIN1 overexpression effect in mice and in a tauopathy context. In this study, BIN1 overexpression alone caused short term memory impairments linked with the cellular and molecular abnormalities. These disorders are exacerbated by a combination of TgBIN1 mice with a tauopathy model, both in males and females. Surprisingly, BIN1 overexpression rescued long term and spatial memory regarding the age and sex. Hippocampus appeared to be preserved from intracellular Tau inclusions. Moreover, fornix myelin is found intact. These elements highlighted BIN1 which is a key gene in tauopathie establishment. BIN1 neuroprotective activity is mediated by direct molecular interactions both with Tau and RTN4-A/Nogo-A

Regulation of Brain DNA Methylation Factors and of the Orexinergic System by Cocaine and Food Self-Administration

Inhibitors of DNA methylation and orexin type-1 receptor antagonists modulate the neurobiological effects driving drugs of abuse and natural reinforcers by activating common brain structures of the mesolimbic reward system. In this study, we applied a self-administration paradigm to assess the involvement of factors regulating DNA methylation processes and satiety or appetite signals. These factors include Dnmts and Tets, miR-212/132, orexins, and orx-R1 genes. The study focused on dopamine projection areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFCx) and caudate putamen (CPu) and in the hypothalamus (HP) that is interconnected with the reward system. Striking changes were observed in response to both reinforcers, but differed depending on contingent and non-contingent delivery. Expression also differed in the PFCx and the CPu. Cocaine and food induced opposite effects on Dnmt3a expression in both brain structures, whereas they repressed both miRs to a different extent, without affecting their primary transcript in the CPu. Unexpectedly, orexin mRNAs were found in the CPu, suggesting a transport from their transcription site in the HP. The orexin receptor1 gene was found to be induced by cocaine in the PFCx, consistent with a regulation by DNA methylation. Global levels of 5-methylcytosines in the PFCx were not significantly altered by cocaine, suggesting that it is rather their distribution that contributes to long-lasting behaviors. Together, our data demonstrate that DNA methylation regulating factors are differentially altered by cocaine and food. At the molecular level, they support the idea that neural circuits activated by both reinforcers do not completely overlap

APOE -Sensitive Cholinergic Sprouting Compensates for Hippocampal Dysfunctions Due to Reduced Entorhinal Input

International audienceBrain mechanisms compensating for cerebral lesions may mitigate the progression of chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which often precedes AD, is characterized by neuronal loss in the entorhinal cortex (EC). This loss leads to a hippocampal disconnection syndrome that drives clinical progression. The concomitant sprouting of cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus has been proposed to compensate for reduced EC glutamatergic input. However, in absence of direct experimental evidence, the compensatory nature of the cholinergic sprouting and its putative mechanisms remain elusive. Transgenic mice expressing the human APOE4 allele, the main genetic risk factor for sporadic MCI/AD, display impaired cholinergic sprouting after EC lesion. Using these mice as a tool to manipulate cholinergic sprouting in a disease-relevant way, we showed that this sprouting was necessary and sufficient for the acute compensation of EC lesion-induced spatial memory deficit before a slower glutamatergic reinnervation took place. We also found that partial EC lesion generates abnormal hyperactivity in EC/dentate networks. Dentate hyperactivity was abolished by optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers. Therefore, control of dentate hyperactivity by cholinergic sprouting may be involved in functional compensation after entorhinal lesion. Our results also suggest that dentate hyperactivity in MCI patients may be directly related to EC neuronal loss. Impaired sprouting during the MCI stage may contribute to the faster cognitive decline reported in APOE4 carriers. Beyond the amyloid contribution, the potential role of both cholinergic sprouting and dentate hyperactivity in AD symptomatogenesis should be considered in designing new therapeutic approaches

Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae)

International audienceThere is growing evidence that rapid adaptation to novel environments drives successful establishment and spread of invasive plant species. However, the mechanisms driving trait adaptation, such as selection pressure from novel climate niche envelopes, remain poorly tested at global scales. In this study, we investigated differences in 20 traits (relating to growth, resource acquisition, reproduction, phenology and defence) amongst 14 populations of the herbaceous plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) across its native (Europe and North Africa) and introduced (Australia and New Zealand) ranges. We compared traits amongst populations grown under standard glasshouse conditions. Introduced S. oleraceus plants seemed to outperform native plants, i.e. possessing higher leaf and stem dry matter content, greater number of leaves and were taller at first flowering stage. Although introduced plants produced fewer seeds, they had a higher germination rate than native plants. We found strong evidence for adaptation along temperature and precipitation gradients for several traits (e.g. shoot height, biomass, leaf and stem dry matter contents increased with minimum temperatures, while germination rate decreased with annual precipitations and temperatures), which suggests that similar selective forces shape populations in both the native and inva

Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.

Cocaine exposure induces changes in the expression of numerous genes, in part through epigenetic modifications. We have initially shown that cocaine increases the expression of the chromatin remodeling protein methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and characterized the protein phosphatase-1Cβ (PP1Cβ) gene, as repressed by passive i.p. cocaine injections through a Mecp2-mediated mechanism involving de novo DNA methylation. Both proteins being involved in learning and memory processes, we investigated whether voluntary cocaine administration would similarly affect their expression using an operant self-administration paradigm. Passive and voluntary i.v. cocaine intake was found to induce Mecp2 and to repress PP1Cβ in the prefrontal cortex and the caudate putamen. This observation is consistent with the role of Mecp2 acting as a transcriptional repressor of PP1Cβ and shows that passive intake was sufficient to alter their expression. Surprisingly, striking differences were observed under the same conditions in food-restricted rats tested for food pellet delivery. In the prefrontal cortex and throughout the striatum, both proteins were induced by food operant conditioning, but remained unaffected by passive food delivery. Although cocaine and food activate a common reward circuit, changes observed in the expression of other genes such as reelin and GAD67 provide new insights into molecular mechanisms differentiating neuroadaptations triggered by each reinforcer. The identification of hitherto unknown genes differentially regulated by drugs of abuse and a natural reinforcer should improve our understanding of how two rewarding stimuli differ in their ability to drive behavior

Amphiphysin 2 modulation rescues myotubular myopathy and prevents focal adhesion defects in mice

International audienc