To what extent are the mob languages responsible for the rise and success of ethnically based organized crime in the U.S. from late 19th century to early 20th century?

Mob language studies have seen various attempts at explaining the major effect of the use of this specific language and its contribution to the rise of Mafia in the USA. Different scholars, writers and researchers have variously emphasized the role of crime subcultures and their unique vernaculars in the U.S. In this paper, I would like to report on an even more ambitious claim that the rise organized crime in the U.S. would have not been possible were it not to the wielding of specific mob languages. The goal of the paper is to analyze the selection and use of special vocabulary to bind organized crime members together and avoid the governmental and judiciary control. This paper aims to show how mob languages developed as fusion languages resulting from the interaction of English with the experiences of different groups of people at different times. Crime usually results from socio-economic despair and dissatisfaction. We usually come across these two factors as an end product of immigrant stories and ostracism of different ethnic and socio-economic groups within a society. Out of this situation evolves many things: literature, songs, movies and arts related to this feeling of being the “outcasts”. However, lack of opportunities, feeling of alienation and despair also result in a tendency towards crime. When this situation of becoming the “outcast” occurs to any group, the group’s self-identification changes with its specific circumstances and gives rise to a specific language and culture that is self-evident in various cultural artifacts related to the group. When criminal tendencies permeate the group, this development of language and culture results in the development of a mob language that in return brings about many advantages for organized crime. As far as my research is concerned, my conclusion is that the creation of specific mob languages in the organized crime scene of U.S. has greatly shaped the successes of these criminal organizations

Change in the geographic distribution of human resources for health in Turkey, 2002-2016

Introduction: Turkey, which suffers from both undersupply of physicians, nurses and midwives and imbalanced distribution of healthcare personnel, has been developing and implementing various policies to solve these problems. The Ministry of Health launched the Health Transformation Program in 2003 for effective, efficient and fair provision of healthcare services for all people. This study aimed to take a closer look at the impact of policies implemented to reduce the imbalance of the distribution of human resources for health for the past 15 years in Turkey. Methods: Data for the distributional imbalance obtained from Ministry of Health registries was analysed by using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficient for the years 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2016. Results: Geographical imbalances for healthcare professions decreased distinguishably during the 15 years. Gini coefficient was 0.33 for specialist distribution in 2002, and decreased gradually to 0.26 in 2008 and finally 0.21 in 2016. Similarly, Gini coefficients were 0.18, 0.20 and 0.25 for general practitioners, nurses and midwives, respectively, in 2002. In 2012, Gini coefficients for the same professionals were calculated as 0.09, 0.11 and 0.19, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the policies targeting the distribution of healthcare personnel in Turkey have yielded positive results. Yet it is evident that these results are not due to a single action. It is essential to improve existing implementations, identify the instruments and factors that satisfy and motivate healthcare personnel, and continue developing and implementing comprehensive policies

The effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection combined with piezoelectric stimulation in infertile couples with total fertilization failure

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) combined with piezoelectric stimulation in infertile couples with a history of total fertilization failure (TFF). Design: Prospective controlled trial. Setting: Clinical IVF laboratory. Patient(s): Seventy-one couples undergoing ICSI on sibling oocytes having at least one previous ICSI attempt with TFF. Intervention(s): ICSI or ICSI with piezoelectric activation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fertilization rate. Result(s): The patients were allocated to two groups: group I included 21 patients with only one previous TFF and group II included 50 patients with more than one previous TFF. Collectively, a total of 823 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were retrieved in 78 oocyte retrievals. In Group I, combined ICSI with piezoelectric stimulation was applied to 123/211 (58.2%) of MII oocytes (group IA), whereas standard ICSI procedure was applied to 88/211 (41.8%) of MII oocytes (group IB). The fertilization rate was 62% and 12% in group IA and group IB respectively. In group II, piezoelectric activation was applied in all 612 MII oocytes, of which 296 (48.3%) were fertilized. The rates for implantation and pregnancy/embryo transfer were obtained as 30.6% and 44.1%, respectively. Conclusion(s): Piezoelectric activation seems to improve IVF outcome in patients with previous TFF history

To what extent are the mob languages responsible for the rise and success of ethnically based organized crime in the U.S. from late 19th century to early 20th century?

Mob language studies have seen various attempts at explaining the major effect of the use of this specific language and its contribution to the rise of Mafia in the USA. Different scholars, writers and researchers have variously emphasized the role of crime subcultures and their unique vernaculars in the U.S. In this paper, I would like to report on an even more ambitious claim that the rise organized crime in the U.S. would have not been possible were it not to the wielding of specific mob languages. The goal of the paper is to analyze the selection and use of special vocabulary to bind organized crime members together and avoid the governmental and judiciary control. This paper aims to show how mob languages developed as fusion languages resulting from the interaction of English with the experiences of different groups of people at different times. Crime usually results from socio-economic despair and dissatisfaction. We usually come across these two factors as an end product of immigrant stories and ostracism of different ethnic and socio-economic groups within a society. Out of this situation evolves many things: literature, songs, movies and arts related to this feeling of being the “outcasts”. However, lack of opportunities, feeling of alienation and despair also result in a tendency towards crime. When this situation of becoming the “outcast” occurs to any group, the group’s self-identification changes with its specific circumstances and gives rise to a specific language and culture that is self-evident in various cultural artifacts related to the group. When criminal tendencies permeate the group, this development of language and culture results in the development of a mob language that in return brings about many advantages for organized crime. As far as my research is concerned, my conclusion is that the creation of specific mob languages in the organized crime scene of U.S. has greatly shaped the successes of these criminal organizations

CO Oxidation over Mono and Bi-Metallic Sequentially Impregnated Pd-Pt Catalysts

The CO oxidation capability of sequentially impregnated Pd-Pt/gamma-Al(2)O(3) bimetallic catalysts was tested. The CO oxidation light-off curves were hierarchically spaced between monometallic Pd and monometallic Pt, which showed the highest and lowest activity, respectively, indicating that sequential impregnation did not result in the formation of bimetallic particles, but that the catalysts remained as monometallic entities over the support surface. An investigation of the effect of CO partial pressure on the reaction rates over monometallic catalysts indicated that in the presence of excess CO the surface of Pt was poisoned. On the other hand, in the presence of excess CO the reaction rates over Pd catalysts remained constant due to the availability of the subsurface oxygen pools in PdO layers

Defining the Quality of Life and Perceived Social Support Levels Among Nursing Students and Evaluating the Quality of Life Related Factors

Amaç: Yaşam kalitesi genel sağlığın belirleyicilerindendir ve insan hayatının her döneminde farklı risk faktörlerinden etkilenmektedir. Araştırmamızda, üniversitede öğrenim gören hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşam kalitelerinin belirlenmesi ve yaşam kaliteleri ile ilişkili olabilecek barınma koşulları, sosyal destek algısı ve sağlık durumu gibi faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırma kesitsel tiptedir ve bir üniversitenin hemşirelik bölümünde öğrenim gören 389 öğrenci evreni oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem belirlenmemiş ve öğrencilerin 353 (%90,7)’üne ulaşılmıştır. Öğrencilerin yaşam kaliteleri Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından geliştirilmiş olan WHOQOL-BREF ölçeği ile değerlendirilmiştir. Yaşam kalitesine etki edebileceği düşünülen risk faktörleri yapılandırılmış bir anket formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır ve öğrencilerin sosyal destek algıları “Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support)” ile değerlendirilmiştir. Risk faktörlerinin yaşam kalitesi skorları ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesinde lineer regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma gönüllülük esasına tabi yapılmış olup, gerek bulunmadığından etik kurul onayı alınmamıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin WHOQOL-BREF puanlarının tüm alt alanları ile sosyal destek algıları arasında pozitif yönde korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin genel sağlık durumunun iyi olması ile arkadaş kaynaklı sosyal destek algılarının yüksek olması WHOQOL-BREF ölçeğinin tüm alt alanları ile istatistiksel olarak olumlu yönde anlamlı ilişki gösterirken; ileri sınıflarda olması, erkek olmak, yurt ya da pansiyon gibi yerler yerine evde kalıyor olmak, gelir durumunun yeterli olması ve algılanan sosyal destek puanının diğer alanlarında yüksek olması, WHOQOL-BREF ölçeğinin farklı alt alanlarında yüksek yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Öğrencilerin barınma, genel sağlık, gelir ve sosyal destek algısı gibi müdahale edilebilir olan durumlarının yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkili olması, üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik yapılacak hem sosyal hem de sağlık alanındaki politika belirleme ve uygulamalarda öğrencilerin sosyal desteklerinin olumlu yönde etkileyecek müdahalelere öncelik verilmesinin gerekliliğini açığa çıkartmaktadır.Objective: Quality of life is one of the determinants of general health and can be influenced by various risk factors among different periods of life. Our study aims to determine the quality of life of university students and evaluate the related factors such as accommodation status, social support perception and health status. Material and Methods: The universe of this cross-sectional study consists of 389 nursing students of a university. No sample size was defined, and 353 of the students have participated in the study (90.7%). The quality of life of the university students was evaluated by the WHOQOL-BREF which had been developed by the World Health Organization. A structured questionnaire assessed the potential risk factors associated with quality of life and the social support perception evaluated by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The association between risk factors and quality of life is determined with a linear regression model. The participation in the study was based entirely on volunteering, and there was no need for ethical board approval. Results: We found a positive correlation between all aspects of the WHOQOL-BREF scores and the perceived social support of university students. Being in a healthy condition and having social support from friends are found to be related with increased quality of life among all aspects of WHOQOL-BREF. Being a senior student, male sex, residing in a house rather than student dormitories, having adequate income, and having high social support among other aspects of the scale were found to be related with increased quality of life among various sub-domains of WHOQOL- BREF. Conclusion: The gentle nature of issues like residency, general health condition, income and perceived social support makes them essential for the future development of social and health politics and implementations aiming to improve social support among university students

Evaluatıng the Covid-19 Pandemıc Struggle in Terms of National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan

Bu çalışmada 2019 yılının Aralık ayında ilk olarak Çin’de görülen ve daha sonra Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından Pandemi olarak ilan edilen COVID-19 salgını sürecinde Türkiye’de yapılan Pandemi ile mücadele uygulamalarının Pandemik Influenza Ulusal Hazırlık Planına uygunluğunun değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda salgın süresince mevzuat hazırlıkları ve aktif sağlık hizmeti sunumu uygulamaları ile salgının kontrol altına alınmasına yönelik uygulamaların genel olarak Pandemi Influenza Ulusal Hazırlık Planına uygun olarak değerlendirilmiştirIn this study the control measures in Turkey targeting COVID-19 outbreak which first occurred in Chine during late December of 2019, then declared as a pandemic as World Health Organization were evaluated in terms of national pandemic influenza preparedness plan. According to the results of this study it is concluded that the health care services, required legislations and measures for taking the pandemic under control were applied adequately and on time during the outbreak period

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sağlık Okuryazarlık Düzeyleri ve İlişkili Bazı Faktörler

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı bir üniversitede öğrenim gören öğrencilerin sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeylerinin ve ilişkili bazı faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı tipteki araştırmanın evrenini, 1 Ocak - 11 Mayıs 2018 tarihlerinde bir üniversitenin Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi ve İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesinde öğrenimine devam eden toplam 2400 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışma 865 öğrenci ile (katılım düzeyi %36) tamamlanmıştır. Araştırmada Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği-32, Çok Boyutlu Sağlık Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği A Formu ile öğrencilerin bazı sosyodemografik özelliklerini sorgulayan 15 soruluk anket formunu içeren veri toplama aracı kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS 22.0 programında yüzdelik, ortalama, tek yönlü varyans analizi, post-hoc testleri, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, korelasyon ve lojistik regresyon kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve p<0,05 olan değerler anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin %72,4’ü kadındır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları 31,54±11,4; tedavi ve hizmet alt boyutu puan ortalamaları 32,58±10,9; hastalıklardan korunma ve sağlığın geliştirilmesi alt boyut puan ortalamaları 30,80±12,0 olarak bulunmuştur. Kadınların erkeklere göre sağlık okuryazarlığı toplam puanlarının yeterli olma olasılığı 0,624 kat (%95 GA=0,440-0,885) fazla bulunmuştur. İç kontrol odağı alt boyutu puanı bir birim arttığında tedavi ve hizmet alt boyutu puanlarının yeterli olma olasılığı 1,045 kat artmaktadır (%95 GA=1,013-1,077). Sonuç: Cinsiyet, gelir durumu, kronik hastalık varlığı, algılanan sağlık durumu, öğrencilerin algısına göre aileden, arkadaşlardan ve sağlık personelinden alınan sosyal destek durumu ile Çok Boyutlu Sağlık Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği A Formu iç kontrol odağı öğrencilerin sağlık okuryazarlığı ile ilişkili olan bazı değişkenlerdir

On the Structure Sensitivity of CO Oxidation on Alumina Supported Pd-Pt Bimetallic Catalysts

CO oxidation reaction was studied over monometallic and bimetallic palladium-platinum catalysts at 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 Pd:Pt atomic fractions co-impregnated over a gamma-Al2O3 support. The size of the metal particles, measured by modified hydrogen chemisorption, increased as the Pd fractions in the catalyst increased. The surface compositions and site metal distributions of the catalysts determined from Monte Carlo simulations indicated that Pd atoms segregated to the surface: at low Pd levels, Pd occupied preferentially 6 and 7 coordinated defect-like sites. As the Pd fraction increased, first 8 coordinated (100) and then 9 coordinated (111) planes were populated. At low temperatures (below 423 K), CO oxidation reaction over bi-metallic catalysts behaved like the monometallic Pd catalyst suggesting that Pd atoms segregated to the surface. The results of Monte Carlo studies and reaction tests together were interpreted as the governing steps in CO oxidation primarily taking place at the defect-like sites

Determinants of Pre-Lacteal Feeding Practices in Urban And Rural Nigeria; A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study Using The 2013 Nigeria Demographic And Health Survey Data

Background Prelacteal feeding (PLF) is a barrier to exclusive breast feeding. Objective To determine factors associated with PLF in rural and urban Nigeria. Methods We utilized data from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to test for association between PLF and related factors. Results Prevalence of PLF in urban Nigeria was 49.8%, while in rural Nigeria it was 66.4%. Sugar or glucose water was given more in urban Nigeria (9.7% vs 2.9%), plain water was given more in rural Nigeria (59.9% vs 40.8%). The multivariate analysis revealed that urban and rural Nigeria shared similarities with respect to factors like mother's education, place of delivery, and size of child at birth being significant predictors of PLF. Mode of delivery and type of birth were significant predictors of PLF only in urban Nigeria, whereas, mother's age at birth was a significant predictor of PLF only in rural Nigeria. Zones also showed variations in the odds of PLF according to place of residence. Conclusion Interventions aimed at decreasing PLF rate should be through a tailored approach, and should target at risk sub-groups based on place of residence.WoSScopusPubMe