Organic Cotton Crop Guide - A manual for practitioners in the tropics

Designed primarily as a reference manual for extension workers and farmers, the Organic Cotton Crop Guide provides comprehensive practical know-how on organic cotton production in the tropics. The guide covers all relevant aspects from soil preparation and variety selection over crop nutrition and pest management to the economic performance of organic cotton farming

Language on the Stage – Questions of Identity and Ideology

Language used on the stage always bears certain connotations to the identity, ideology and morality of characters, theatre makers and audiences. In my article, I am going to analyse how minority languages have been used or represented in Finnish, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian theatre though the lens of theatre history. Following books are investigated using content analysis method: The Dynamic World of Finnish Theatre (2006) by S. E. Wilmer and Pirkko Koski, Estonian Theatre (2003) by Jaak Rähesoo, Theatre in Latvia (2012, ed. by Guna Zeltiņa) and Lithuanian Theatre (2009, ed. by Gintaras Aleknonis and Helmutas Šabasevičius).Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are neighbouring countries that have faced diff erent political history: from rather independent Finland to the post- Soviet Baltic countries. Taking this into the consideration, one can detect the disquisition between bi-lingual (Finland, Latvia) and monolingual approaches (Estonia, Lithuania) to theatre history

Galactic population in cosmological hierarchical models

2007/2008Il lavoro di ricerca è stato orientato allo studio delle proprietà delle strutture su grande scala dell'Universo. In particolar modo si sono studiate le proprietà ottiche e fisiche di popolazioni sintetiche di galassie in ammassi di galassie in ambito cosmologico all'interno dello scenario gerarchico. Abbiamo affrontato il problema della formazione galattica seguendo due approcci complementari. Una linea di ricerca svolta è stata indirizzata allo studio della popolazione galattica in ammassi di galassie, utilizzando simulazioni idrodinamiche cosmologiche. A tale scopo si sono analizzate simulazioni realizzate con il codice Tree+SPH GADGET2 (Springel 2005) che include processi fisici quali cooling, formazione stellare ed un trattamento dettagliato dei processi di arricchimento chimico associato ai processi di nucleosintesi stellare (Tornatore et al. 2007). Dall'analisi comparata delle osservazioni tra le proprietà ottiche e fisiche di galassie in ammasso ed i risultati di codici spettro-fotometrici applicati alle simulazioni realizzate, è possibile trarre importanti informazioni sulla formazione e sull'evoluzione della componenente barionica tutta ed in particolar modo della popolazione galattica. In particolar modo sono state confrontate le proprietà fisiche e luminosità ottiche e infrarosse delle osservazioni con quelle delle galassie predette dai modelli numerici identificate tramite l'utilizzo di software specifici per il riconoscimento di sottostrutture gravitazionalmente legate (Saro et al. 2006). Sempre nell'ambito di questa linea di ricerca abbiamo studiato i processi coinvolti nella formazione delle galassie centrali d'ammasso ad alto redshift () (Saro et al. 2009), comparando le predizioni numeriche con le più recenti osservazioni ottenute tramite telescopi spaziali (Miley et al. 2006, Hatch et al. 2007), includendo in maniera autoconsistente nel calcolo delle luminosità l'assorbimento da polvere, la quale gioca un ruolo cruciale in regioni ad alto tasso di formazione stellare. Altro aspetto dell'attività di ricerca è stato rivolto allo studio ed al confronto delle predizioni delle proprietà della popolazione galattica in ammassi di galassie attraverso due diversi metodi d’indagine: simulazioni idrodinamiche cosmologiche dirette e modelli semianalitici (SAM), nei quali la popolazione galattica è invece riprodotta tramite apposite ”ricette” a partire dall’analisi dei “merging trees” degli aloni di materia oscura (p.es. De Lucia et al. 2006). Tali metodi presentano vantaggi e svantaggi complementari. Se da un lato infatti le simulazioni dirette permettono uno studio più accurato della dinamica e di seguire in dettaglio la fisica al prezzo però di enormi costi computazionali, dall'altro i modelli semianalitici permettono uno studio dello spazio dei parametri ed una statistica irragiungibile tramite le sole simulazioni. Parte di tale ricerca è stata svolta anche presso il Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) di Garching (Monaco) in Germania in collaborazione con Klaus Dolag e Gabriella de Lucia grazie ad una borsa europea EARA - Marie Curie della durata di tre mesi, successivamente estesa per ulteriori due mesi. Lo scopo di quest’indagine si sviluppa su due fronti: confrontare le predizioni dei modelli semianalitici basati su merger trees di simulazioni con fisica diversa e confrontare le predizioni dei modelli semianalitici con quelle che si ottengono direttamente dalle simulazioni. Da un lato, infatti, confrontando le predizioni del modello semianalitico basato su merger trees di simulazioni di sola Dark Matter con le predizioni dello stesso modello semianalitico basato però su merger trees di simulazioni di Dark Matter e Gas, possiamo quantificare e valutare quanto considerare o trascurare processi fisici quali la pressione d'ariete modifichi l'evoluzione e la dinamica della popolazione galattica (Saro et al. 2008). Dall'altro, il confronto tra la popolazione galattica predetta direttamente da simulazioni idrodinamiche cosmologiche e quella predetta dai modelli semianalitici basati sugli stessi merger trees, permette di capire meglio i limiti e le differenze tra queste due tecniche nello studio della formazione di galassie in ambito cosmologico. In particolare tale confronto è stato effettuato con una fisica “semplificata” per poter quantificare l'importanza delle singole assunzioni. Nella fattispecie abbiamo considerato solo cooling e star formation, ed abbiamo trascurato processi fisici quali l'arrichimento chimico e il feedback. In questo modo sono state messe in luce le differenti trattazioni del cooling, della formazione stellare e degli effetti mareali nella creazione di una popolazione stellare intracluster (Saro et al. 2009, in prep).XXI Ciclo198

The Poetics of Playing

Despite the seemingly general agreement that we are still living in a post- orpost-post-modern world andmany contemporary performancesarebased on theprinciplesofpostdramatic theatre, researchers have noticed certain changes in the poetics of theatricallanguage, which havenot, so far, been described and analysed. Thisarticleseeksto search for apoeticsof playing?that isto say, implicit principlesof producingand perceivingcontemporaryperformances (non-mimetic forms of playing are beyond the scope of this investigation).These principles in themselves are not necessarily new or contemporary, although theircombinations often create such an impression. The article consists of three parts. The firstexplores the term 'poetics' and the second the poetics of playing. The final part provides anempirical analysis of an example of the new poetics of playing. The political theatre projectUnified Estonia Assembly developed the structures and strategies of politics and performingarts to their extremes, at the same time creating a powerful representation of political games.By being a kind of exceptional theatrical event, it helped to exemplify how performers caninfluence participants or society and how ambivalence as a strategy can be emphasized incomprehension and social interaction. Thepoeticsof playing in Unified EstoniaAssembly wasbased on fluid conceptions of players, roles and participants, playing and reality, and thisfluidity also created astrongsenseof ambivalenceboth duringtheplayingand afterwards

Mobility and Theatre: Theatre Makers as Nomadic Subjects

This article discusses the pros and cons of theatrical mobility, investigating situ- ations where theatre is breaking its traditional practices of being local and urban by becoming mobile, international and rural. The main features in this context are guest performances at home and abroad, the importation of guest directors, performers, designers et cetera, and finally, site-specific and open-air productions. The structure of the analysis is based on these features, partly derived from the historical development of theatre but partly also from the aim of contrary thinking, insisting that contrary to the widespread assumption of nomadism as something indigenous or postmodern, nomadic attitudes can also be detected in quite traditional forms of theatre making and living. While touring at home and abroad provides opportunities for theatre makers to practice nomadic life style, summer theatre creates an opportunity for spectators to experience nomadism in more local spaces. The above mentioned features are analysed in the context of Estonian theatre, drawing occasional parallels with the neighbouring country of Finland. Each section goes through three periods of Estonian theatre history; 1) the period before the Second World War when theatres belonged to societies; 2) the period between 1940 and 1991 when Estonia was a part of the Soviet Union and all theatrical activities were subject to state control; 3) the period of independence and globalization. Since each period had a different imprint on theatrical mobility, the phenomenon will be investigated in relation to the political, social and cultural contexts, using Bruno Latour’s concept of actor-network-theory as a methodological tool

Building an Ideal Theatre : The Case of the Theatre NO99

Throughout the course of theatre history, many actors and directors have dreamt about an ideal theatre. Many young European theatre makers in the twenty-first century have preferred working in their own groups with like-minded colleagues instead of joining big institutional theatres or have tried to revolutionize the institutions.Dwelling on theoretical arguments about the terms “ideal”, “idealism”, and “utopia” in theatre, the article investigates what are the ideals of contemporary theatre makers, which ideals/utopias are realizable in theatre practice and how. To answer these questions, the case study of Estonian theatre NO99 is used. In 2004, Tiit Ojasoo and Ene-Liis Semper became the leaders of the state funded theatre Vanalinnastuudio and tried to reorganize it into an ideal theatre. The article investigates what were the ideals of the theatre makers of the NO99, how their ideals were realized, which ideals endured, and which ones failed during the fourteen years. Finally, a discussion on the developments of theatre institutions in the twenty-first century will be presented

The Roots of the Cretan Polis. Surface Evidence for the History of Large Settlements in Central Crete

Classical Cretan states are known to have had an unusual and distinctive character, contrasting markedly with that of their central Greek peers. Yet the histories of the latter have tended to dominate our understanding of the polis form. The factors contributing to this difference, and to the whole process of state emergence in Early Iron Age – Archaic Crete, have not been much analysed, restricting our understanding of the origins of the earliest consensualist political structures. Some scholars have explained Cretan divergence in terms of a particularly strong ›continuity‹ in the island’s social and cultural frameworks from the Bronze Age into the state formation period. Others have seen immigration into Crete during the latter period as a major constructive influence (frequently citing some aspects of Archaic-Classical texts in support of their arguments). The EIA – A archaeological record should be our main source of information in testing these models, but has been under-investigated in many respects, encouraging both an over-reliance on textual traditions, and generalisations based on too narrow a sample of sites and types of archaeological material. New excavation projects are starting to expand the frame of study. However, while many of the ancient text sources refer to central Crete, there remains a limited range of published archaeological data from this core development region against which to evaluate them. The paper uses surface ceramics from five large central Cretan settlements, collected by scholars from the British School at Athens in the 1930s–1960s, together with observations from more recent visits to the sites, to help develop a more archaeologically-informed narrative of large polity emergence and development in this region, and the island as a whole.Classical Cretan states are known to have had an unusual and distinctive character, contrasting markedly with that of their central Greek peers. Yet the histories of the latter have tended to dominate our understanding of the polis form. The factors contributing to this difference, and to the whole process of state emergence in Early Iron Age – Archaic Crete, have not been much analysed, restricting our understanding of the origins of the earliest consensualist political structures. Some scholars have explained Cretan divergence in terms of a particularly strong ›continuity‹ in the island’s social and cultural frameworks from the Bronze Age into the state formation period. Others have seen immigration into Crete during the latter period as a major constructive influence (frequently citing some aspects of Archaic-Classical texts in support of their arguments). The EIA – A archaeological record should be our main source of information in testing these models, but has been under-investigated in many respects, encouraging both an over-reliance on textual traditions, and generalisations based on too narrow a sample of sites and types of archaeological material. New excavation projects are starting to expand the frame of study. However, while many of the ancient text sources refer to central Crete, there remains a limited range of published archaeological data from this core development region against which to evaluate them. The paper uses surface ceramics from five large central Cretan settlements, collected by scholars from the British School at Athens in the 1930s–1960s, together with observations from more recent visits to the sites, to help develop a more archaeologically-informed narrative of large polity emergence and development in this region, and the island as a wholw

SZE Observables, Pressure Profiles and Center Offsets in Magneticum Simulation Galaxy Clusters

We present a detailed study of the galaxy cluster thermal \ac{sze} signal $Y$ and pressure profiles using {\it Magneticum} Pathfinder hydrodynamical simulations. With a sample of 50,000 galaxy clusters ($M_{\rm 500c}>1.4\times10^{14} \rm M_{\odot}$) out to $z=2$, we find significant variations in the shape of the pressure profile with mass and redshift and present a new generalized NFW model that follows these trends. We show that the thermal pressure at $R_{\rm 500c}$ accounts for only 80~percent of the pressure required to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium, and therefore even idealized hydrostatic mass estimates would be biased at the 20~percent level. We compare the cluster \ac{sze} signal extracted from a sphere with different virial-like radii, a virial cylinder within a narrow redshift slice and the full light cone, confirming small scatter ($\sigma_{\ln Y}\simeq 0.087$) in the sphere and showing that structure immediately surrounding clusters increases the scatter and strengthens non self-similar redshift evolution in the cylinder. Uncorrelated large scale structure along the line of sight leads to an increase in the \ac{sze} signal and scatter that is more pronounced for low mass clusters, resulting in non self-similar trends in both mass and redshift and a mass dependent scatter that is $\sim0.16$ at low masses. The scatter distribution is consistent with log-normal in all cases. We present a model of the offsets between the center of the gravitational potential and the \ac{sze} center that follows the variations with cluster mass and redshift.Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, submitted to MNRA