Evaluation of Intraperitoneal and Incisional Bupivacaine or Levobupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Ovariohysterectomized Dogs

Background: Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the most commonly performed elective surgical procedure in companion animals. OHE offers benefits of control of population and decreased risk of potentially life-threatening diseases such as mammarian tumours and pyometra.  Traditional OHE intervention causes inflammation and pain due to trauma during organ manipulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of intraperitoneal and incisional administration of bupivacaine (BP) or levobupivacaine (LP) on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing the OHE procedure.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 24 mix-breed bitches aged between 1 - 3 years and weighed 19 - 20 kg were used in this study. The animals were divided into three groups as control (n = 8), BP (n = 8) and LP group (n = 8). The animals were kept under surveillance at the hospitalisation unit of the animal hospital for one day before the elective OHE. The dogs were fasted for 12 h before the surgery, with adlib water consumption. Atropine sulphate 0.045 mg/kg was administered subcutaneously approximately 30 min before general anaesthesia. Midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) was intravenously injected into all dogs for pre-anaesthetic medication. After sedation, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg, IV) and then the dogs were orotracheally intubated using cuffed endotracheal tubes. General anaesthesia was maintained by administration of 2% isoflurane. The ventral abdomen was prepared aseptically for OHE following the general anaesthesia. All animals were operated on by the same surgeon. During surgery, sprayed bupivacaine 0.5% (4.4 mg/kg) with an equal volume of saline in BP group, levobupivacaine 0.5% (4.4 mg/kg) with an equal volume of saline in LP were then applied over the ovaries, uterine broad ligaments and cervix uteri. After removal of the uterine body, either LP or BP was sprayed to left and right, or cranial and caudal parts of the abdominal cavity. Finally, the incision line was sprayed before closing the skin. The control group received only sprayed saline.  The pain evaluation was carried out with modified Melbourne pain scoring scale. To determine cortisol concentrations, blood samples were taken before anaesthesia induction (baseline) and postoperative 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h. Postoperative pain scores were higher in the control group than BP and LP groups following surgery at 30 min, 1st, 4th, and 6th h. In all groups, cortisol levels increased postoperatively, whereas they decreased more rapidly in BP and LP groups. There was a steady increase at postoperative 0 min, 30 min, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th h in the control group and at postoperative 0 min, 30 min and 1 h in BP and LP groups (P < 0.05).Discussion: Intraperitoneal and incisional bupivacaine shows significantly superior postoperative pain management benefits after the closure of skin, compared to untreated dogs and it is also superior to lidocaine treatment at 0.5 h following the visual analogy pain assessment system. In the present study, the observation of lower pain scores in BP group at 0.5, 1, 4 and 6 h as compared to the control group was similar to findings of other studies. LP group also showed decreased pain scores at above-mentioned h without any significant difference. However, only in LP group, pain scores at 24 h were lower than postoperative pain scores. In conclusion, it is suggested that sprayed intraperitoneal and incisional BP and LP are very effective for preventing postoperative pain ovariohysterectomized dogs

Comparison of the Depth of Anesthesia Produced with Dexmedetomidine- Sevofl urane or Medetomidine-Sevofl urane by Using Bispectral Index Monitoring

ABSTRACT Background: Bispectral index (BIS) monitor was developed to utilize the depth of anesthesia by estimating electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. BIS, which is the numerical value of EEG derivative, is used for evaluation of depression of central nervous system (CNS) in human medicine. The depressive effect of sedative and anaesthetic agents on CNS in human is correlated to BIS. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is administered as continuous infusion during anesthesia and surgery in humans. DEX is a hypnotic with high selectivity for α 2-adrenergic receptors. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Adult female New Zealand rabbits (mean ± SD body weight 3.8 ± 0.5 kg) were procured from a certifi ed commercial source to use in medical researches. The animal number in each of the two study groups was four, for a total of eight. The rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 4). The rabbits DEX group were administered 20 mcg/kg of i.v. DEX HCI for premedication. Medetomidine (MED) group was administered 20 mcg/ kg of iv MED for premedication. Induction was provided by 5% of sevofl urane + 4 L/min oxygen via glove mask in the both groups. General anesthesia was maintained with 3% of sevofl urane + oxygen on spontaneous respiration for 30 min. The animals&apos; temporomandibular region was shaved; its fat was eliminated with ether before the study. Human sensors were used as BIS sensor consisted of 5 electrodes. Three were placed into frontal area as the remaining two into the preauricular area. After ensuring the connection of the sensor to the BIS monitor, BIS value was continuously followed and recorded at 0 min (T0), 1 st (T1), 5 th (T5), 7 th (T7), 9 th (T9), 15 th (T15) 20 th (T20), 25 th (T25) and at 30 th min (T30) in both groups while the rabbits were awake. At T1 measure point, DEX and MED were applied; sedation was produced at T5; 5% of sevofl urane was administered through glove-mask method at T7 for induction; general anesthesia was obtained at T9 and continued during T15, T20, T25 and T30; they were awakened at the end of 30 th min. On the day preceding the study, they were sedated; their femoral arteries were localized and catheterized under local anesthesia following sedation. At T0, T1, T5, T7, T9, T15, T20, T25 and T30 measure time points, the catheter-transducer connection was established for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) measurement; for ECG monitoring, ECG electrodes were attached to all four extremities of the subjects and, ECG tracings from lead II were monitored and recorded on the multi-channel monitor. The pH was kept between 7.35 -7.45, as PCO2 between 35 -45 mmHg. All animals in both groups were documented during the study for Anesthesia Score (AS). MAP and BIS decline in DEX group at the end of 1st min at statistical signifi cance (P &lt; 0.05). At the same time point, AS was recorded higher in DEX group (P &lt; 0.05). In the comparison of DEX group with MED group at T5; HR, MAP and BIS markedly declined in DEX group (P &lt; 0.05); however, AS was found higher in DEX group as being statistically signifi cant at the same time point (P &lt; 0.05). As it was at T5, Heart Rate (HR), MAP and BIS were also found statistically signifi cantly low in DEX group at T7 and T9; while AS was found higher as compared to MED group (P &lt; 0.05). BIS value in MED group was low at a statistical signifi cance level at T15, T20, T25 and T30 time points (P &lt; 0.05). Discussion: In present study, sevofl urane administration with glove mask method provides suffi cient anesthesia in the rabbits which were premedicated with DEX and MED in experimental studies or surgical procedures during veterinary practice. Besides the vital parameters and AS monitoring, BIS monitoring is also an effective method in determination of the depth of anesthesia in rabbits

Avokado/soya fasülyesinin sabunlaşmayan ekstresi verilen köpeklerin dizlerinde osteokondral defekt iyileşmesi: Bir karşılaştırmalı morfometrik analiz]

Objectives: This study aims to determine the effects of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on healing in a canine osteochondral defect model. Materials and methods: Fourteen dogs were included in the study and randomly divided into two groups. Two osteochondral defects were produced in the lateral aspect of the trochlear groove of the knee joint. The treatment group (group 1; n=7) was given 300 mg ASU capsules every three days whereas the control group (group 2; n=7) was given a normal diet. Animals were then allowed to ambulate normally until euthanasia at 15 weeks. The knees were dissected and the trochlear grooves with defects were removed for pathological examination. The amount of regenerated tissue was determined quantitatively using image analysis and the tissue content was evaluated semi-quantitatively using Safranin-O and Masson trichrome histochemical stains. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) increase was evaluated semi-quantitatively with immunohistochemical staining methods. Results: Morphometric analysis revealed a significantly more immature repair tissue in group 1 (p<0.002). Both collagen and chondral tissue content of the regenerated tissue were significantly increased in group 1 (p<0.002). Compared to that in group 2, cartilage tissue in group 1 showed a much more marked immunostaining reaction of TGF-beta. Conclusion: Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables treatment stimulates the healing of the osteochondral defects in canine knee possibly by increasing TGF-beta in the tissues

Splenic Artery Embolization With Ankaferd Blood Stopper In A Sheep Model

PURPOSE Splenic artery embolization is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure utilized in a number of disorders. Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) is a novel hemostatic agent with a new mechanism of action independent of clotting factors. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficiency of ABS for splenic artery embolization in a sheep model. METHODS Seven adult female sheep were included in the study. Selective celiac angiography was performed using a 5F diagnostic catheter and then a 2.7F hydrophilic coating microcatheter was advanced coaxially to the distal part of the main splenic artery. Under fluoroscopic guidance, 6 mL mixture composed of half-and-half ABS and contrast agent was slowly injected. Fluoroscopy was used to observe the deceleration and stagnation of the flow. Control celiac angiograms were obtained immediately after the embolization. After the procedure, the animals were observed for one day and then sacrificed with intravenous sodium thiopental. RESULTS Technical success rate was 100%. None of the animals died or experienced a major systemic adverse event during the procedure. All of the spleens appeared dark on macroscopic examination due to excessive thrombosis. Microscopically, the majority of the splenic sinusoids (90%-95%) were necrotic. CONCLUSION In our study, splenic artery embolization by ABS was found to be safe and effective in the short-term. Further studies are needed to better understand the embolizing potential of this novel hemostatic agent

The effects on myocardial improvement using ATP-MgCl2 during the ischemia reperfusion period; An in vitro study

We investigated the effect of ATP-MgCl2 on myocardial hemodynamics and ultrastructure

Effects of ATP-MgCl2 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: An in vivo experimental study

We investigated the effect of ATP-MgCl2 on myocardial hemodynamics and metabolism

Effects of ATP-MgCl2 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: An in vivo experimental study

We investigated the effect of ATP-MgCl2 on myocardial hemodynamics and metabolism

Splenic artery embolization with Ankaferd blood stopper in a sheep model

PURPOSE Splenic artery embolization is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure utilized in a number of disorders. Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) is a novel hemostatic agent with a new mechanism of action independent of clotting factors. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficiency of ABS for splenic artery embolization in a sheep model. METHODS Seven adult female sheep were included in the study. Selective celiac angiography was performed using a 5F diagnostic catheter and then a 2.7F hydrophilic coating microcatheter was advanced coaxially to the distal part of the main splenic artery. Under fluoroscopic guidance, 6 mL mixture composed of half-and-half ABS and contrast agent was slowly injected. Fluoroscopy was used to observe the deceleration and stagnation of the flow. Control celiac angiograms were obtained immediately after the embolization. After the procedure, the animals were observed for one day and then sacrificed with intravenous sodium thiopental. RESULTS Technical success rate was 100\%. None of the animals died or experienced a major systemic adverse event during the procedure. All of the spleens appeared dark on macroscopic examination due to excessive thrombosis. Microscopically, the majority of the splenic sinusoids (90\%-95\%) were necrotic. CONCLUSION In our study, splenic artery embolization by ABS was found to be safe and effective in the short-term. Further studies are needed to better understand the embolizing potential of this novel hemostatic agent