Constraints on the energetics and plasma composition of relativistic jets in FR II sources

We explore the energetics and plasma composition in FR II sources using a new simple method of combining shock dynamics and radiation spectrum. The hot spots are identified with the reverse shocked region of jets. With the one-dimensional shock jump conditions taking account of the finite pressure of hot ICM, we estimate the rest mass and energy densities of the sum of thermal and non-thermal particles in hot spots. Independently, based on the Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) model, we estimate the number and energy densities of {\it non-thermal} electrons using the multi-frequency radiation spectrum of hot spots. We impose the condition that the obtained rest mass, internal energy, and number densities of non-thermal electrons should be lower than those of the total particles determined by shock dynamics. We apply this method to Cygnus A. We examine three extreme cases of pure electron-positron pair plasma (Case I), pure electron-proton plasma with separate thermalization (Case II), and pure electron-proton plasma in thermal-equilibrium (Case III). By detailed SSC analysis for Cygnus A and 3C123, we find that the energy density of non-thermal electrons is about 10 times larger than that of magnetic field. We find that the Case III is not acceptable because predicted photon spectra do not give a good fit to the observed one. We find that Case II can also be ruled out since the number density of non-thermal electrons exceeds that of the total number density. Hence, we find that only pure $e^{\pm}$ plasma (Case I) is acceptable among the three cases. Total kinetic power of jet and electron acceleration efficiency are also constrained by internal energy densities of non-thermal and total particles.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted to MNRA

Particle acceleration in relativistic outows

In this review we confront the current theoretical understanding of particle acceleration at relativistic outflows with recent observational results on various source classes thought to involve such outflows, e.g. gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, and pulsar wind nebulae. We highlight the possible contributions of these sources to ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews, will also appear as chapter of an ISSI publicatio