KERATITIS AMEBIK DAN ENSEFALITIS AMEBIK GRANULOMATOSA (EAG): POTENSI INFEKSI AKIBAT Acanthamoeba spp.

Acanthamoeba merupakan organisme mikroskopis bersel tunggal dari golongan amuba yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit keratitis amebik dan ensefalitis amebik granulomatosa (EAG). Kasus keratitis amebik dan EAG jarang ditemukan, namun keduanya berpotensi menyebabkan masalah kesehatan serius. Keratitis amebik dapat menyebabkan kebutaan sedangkan EAG dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Tinjauan pustaka ini akan memaparkan mengenai patogenesis dan manifestasi klinis keratitis amebik dan EAG serta penanganannya, yang diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi dasar untuk lebih mewaspadai dan mencegah infeksi parasit tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah menggunakan studi kepustakaan (literatur) dengan menggunakan sumber referensi online berupa web page, buku, artikel penelitian, dan review penelitian. Infeksi Acanthamoeba melibatkan beberapa mekanisme dalam patogenesis sehingga dapat menyebabkan kebutaan dan kematian. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi keparahan gejala klinis keratitis amebik dan EAG diantaranya adalah sulitnya diagnosis, kurangnya pengobatan yang efektif, serta masih terbatasnya alat diagnostik yang baik

Peranan Free Living Amoeba - Achantamoeba sebagai patogen penyebab kelainan pada otak dan mata

The free-living amoeba (FLA) group of protozoa that can be found in various types of conditions in nature, one of which is the genus Acanthamoeba. Although, the number of infections caused by this protozoan is low, the diagnosis was still difficult to confirm and therefore there were a higher mortality, especially those associated with encephalitis. This review presents some information about the biology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms caused by Acanthamoeba in humans, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Acanthamoeba infection in humans can cause disorders such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), acanthamoeba keratitis and cutaneous acanthamoeba. In addition, this parasite can also act as a vector of pathogens

Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Parasit di Sekolah Asrama Melalui Edukasi Secara Virtual

Rendahnya pengetahuan mengenai cara penularan dan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh serangga seperti kutu kepala dan skabies menyebabkan penyakit ini masih sering ditemui di asrama atau pesantren. Demikian juga pengetahuan mengenai cara pencegahan dari gigitan serangga yang masih rendah menyebabkan penggunaan antiserangga secara berlebihan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan edukasi kepada santri Rumah Quran X mengenai penyakit kutu kepala dan skabies serta berbagai cara pencegahan dari gigitan nyamuk untuk menghindari penggunaan antiserangga yang berlebihan. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan adalah melalui seminar interaktif secara virtual yang diikuti pengisian kuis untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman peserta. Edukasi diberikan kepada 117 peserta yang terdiri atas santri dan pengurus Yayasan Rumah Quran X di Bekasi. Materi edukasi yang diberikan yaitu etiologi, gejala klinis, pengobatan, cara penularan, pencegahan kutu kepala dan skabies serta cara pencegahan dari gigitan nyamuk. Diharapkan dengan kegiatan ini santri memiliki pengetahuan hidup bersih sehat dalam rangka pencegahan dari penyebaran penyakit kutu rambut dan skabies di Rumah Quran X

Nested PCR methods for detection Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV patients

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by infection of Toxoplasma gondii, Which may cause a life-threatening condition in immunocompromised patients, for example, Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). It is challenging to diagnose Toxoplasma as a cause of central nervous system (CNS) infection in HIV patient, so we need an alternative method, which is a PCR detection of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene.Objective: This research aimed to find association between PCR methods for Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene and anti-Toxoplasma IgG from cerebral spinal fluid patient HIV AIDS.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of HIV patients with neurological symptoms to determine Toxoplasma gondii infection using nested PCR methods for the B1 gene and detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG.Results: 88 CSF samples from HIV patients tested using nested PCR showed 23 samples (26,1%) were positive. Serologic test for IgG Toxoplasma showed 34 samples were positive (28,6%). There was a significant correlation (p=0.000(<0.05) between PCR result and a serologic test for IgG Toxoplasma.Conclusion: Nested PCR methods to detect B1 gene increased the accuracy of diagnosis for toxoplasma encephalitis

Respon imun hospes terhadap Sarcoptes scabiei

Skabies, penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh infestasi dan sensitisasi terhadap tungau Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis&nbsp;dan produknya, masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. World Health Organization (WHO) atau Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia pada tahun 2017 menyatakan bahwa skabies termasuk dalam Neglected Tropical Disease&nbsp;(NTD) yang memerlukan pengontrolan skala besar. S. scabiei&nbsp;spesifik terhadap hospes dan hal tersebut akibat perbedaan fisiologis tungau dan variabel hospes seperti diet, bau, respon imun, dan faktor-faktor fisik. Manifestasi klinis pada manusia berupa inflamasi kulit akan timbul lebih dari 4 minggu setelah terinfestasi. Lambatnya respon imun itu adalah efek dari kemampuan S.scabiei&nbsp;dalam memodulasi berbagai aspek respon imun dan inflamasi hospes. Telur, feses, ekskreta, saliva, dan tubuh S.scabiei&nbsp;yang mati juga menstimulasi respon imun. S.scabiei&nbsp;mendorong keluarnya anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist&nbsp;(IL-1ra) dari sel fibroblas manusia. IL-1ra menginhibisi sitokin proinflamasi IL-1 dengan mengikat reseptor IL-1 yang ada dalam sel limfosit T, sel limfosit B, natural killer cell, makrofag dan neutrofil. Berdasarkan patogenesis skabies, antigen tungau merangsang respon imun adaptif pada manusia agar muncul produksi imunoglobulin. Pengetahuan mengenai respon imun hospes terhadap Sarcoptes scabiei&nbsp;ini dapat dijadikan dasar untuk pengembangan metode serodiagnostik dalam rangka menegakkan diagnosis skabies, sehingga membantu eliminasi skabies di Indonesia

Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Hemoglobin Levels among Schoolchildren participating in a Deworming Program in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Deworming programs have had positive impacts on the incidence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels among schoolchildren. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate effects of a deworming program on IPIs and Hb levels among schoolchildren in Jakarta, Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in one school in Jakarta, Indonesia. Stool samples from schoolchildren were examined using the direct smear and Kato-Katz methods. The Hb concentrations of the schoolchildren were measured using the Easy Touch GCHb tool kit. RESULTS: A total of 219 stool samples were obtained, and 18.7% (41/219) were positive for IPIs; specifically 8.2% (18/219) were positive for helminth and 10.5% (23/219) were positive for protozoan infections. The prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were 6.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The prevalences of Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Entamoeba coli were 6.8%, 2.7%, 0.5%, and 0.5%, respectively. The prevalence of anemia (Hb &lt; 11.5 g/dL) among the schoolchildren was 19.6% (43/219). The IPIs were significantly associated with Hb concentrations among the schoolchildren (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the use of integrated programs involving deworming, nutrient supplementation, development of good living conditions, use of sanitary facilities, and active participation in the community to reduce IPIs and to improve the nutritional status among schoolchildren

PELATIHAN MENGATASI KECEMASAN BERBICARA DI DEPAN UMUM PADA KADER KESEHATAN JIWA

Cadre is a member of the community representing its territory to serve as a mediator between Puskesmas (Community Health Center) and the community within a certain scope of area. In addition to posyandu cadres that have long been known, currently in some areas in Sleman district also has mental health cadres. One problem that occured in the mental health cadres at Cangkringan Community Health Center was communication apprehension among the mental health cadres to deliver a message from Puskesmas. This training was conducted to reduce communication apprehension on mental health cadres of Puskesmas Cangkringan. Kader merupakan anggota masyarakat yang mewakili wilayahnya untuk menjadi penghubung antara Puskesmas dan masyarakat dalam suatu cakupan kerja tertentu. Selain kader posyandu yang sudah lama dikenal, saat ini di beberapa wilayah di kabupaten Sleman juga memiliki kader kesehatan jiwa. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada kader kesehatan jiwa di Puskesmas Cangkringan adalah kecemasan saat berbicara di depan masyarakat untuk menyampaikan pesan dari Puskesmas. Pelatihan ini dilakukan untuk menurunkan kecemasan berbicara di depan umum pada kader kesehatan jiwa Puskesmas Cangkringan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan quasi experimental one-group pre-test and post-test dengan within group analysis. Pengukuran pre-test dan post-test kelompok dilakukan menggunakan modifikasi alat ukur Back Anxiety Inventory. Hasil pengukuran menggunakan paired sample T-test menunjukan t = 5.647 dengan p = 0.000 (p ˂ 0.01). Artinya pelatihan mengatasi kecemasan berbicara di depan umum yang dilakukan pada kader kesehatan jiwa Puskesmas Cangkringan mampu menurunkan kecemasan dengan sangat signifikan

Effect of playing methods on the Dribble Ability of the Football Game

This research was motivated by the low level of dribble skills in the game of football in class VIII students of Budi Agung Private Junior High School, Medan. Based on this, the research objective was to determine the effect of playing methods on the dribbling ability of soccer games. The population and sample studied in this study were 30 students and the sample was taken using total sampling. This research is a field experiment research and the design of this study used a pre test post test group design. From the research results, it can be seen that the significance (0.010) is smaller than 0.05 and the t-test result (2.739) is greater than the t-table (0.3610), so it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of the playing method on the dribble ability of the game. football students of class VIII SMP Private Budi Agung Medan

Development of Teaching Materials Growth of Motion Learning Development Based on Android Applications

The purpose of this research is the development of teaching materials for motion learning based on android applications. ADDIE is a research model that researchers choose, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The results of the research as a whole are feasible by material experts and media experts on the components of content, language presentation, and graphics, it is obtained that an average percentage of 81.5% has very high criteria. Based on the overall assessment of the ease of using the product, the difficulty of understanding the material, and the difficulty of doing the questions, the average percentage is 84% in the very feasible category. The development of teaching materials for the development of motion learning development based on android applications is the result of this research. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the product developed is considered very feasible

Diagnostic Value of Coproantigen for Detection of Giardia Infection in Stunted Children

Background: Giardiasis is a protozoa infection caused by Giardia intestinalis, which commonly infects children, impairing children’s growth, development, and cognitive function. Standard diagnosis is carried out by microscopic examination of stool. This study aimed to evaluate coproantigen examination in stunted children compared to microscopic examination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on stools collected from a survey among stunted children in Bandung in 2019. Stools were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and kept at -20oC until used. Direct microscopy examination with 2% lugol solution and coproantigen ELISA test using Giardia Cryptosporidium (combo test) coproantigen test kit were performed in Parasitology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Result: A total of 99 stools originated from stunted children aged 2-6 years. with boys predominant (52.5%). Microscopic examination showed that 12.1% (12/99) of the children were harboring intestinal parasites, such as the protozoa Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis spp, and Entamoeba coli (E. coli). Giardia was the primary infection (9.1%), of which single Giardia infection (n = 8) and mixed infection of Giardia and Blastocystis spp (n = 1).  Interestingly, coproantigen examination resulted in 6 positive samples, and 4 samples agreed with the microscopy result. With a sensitivity of 44.4% and a specificity of 97.7%. The positive and negative predictive values were 66.7% and 94.7%, respectively. Conclusion: A moderate prevalence of Giardia in stunted children in Bandung regency has been observed. The combo coproantigen test method has high specificity and is suitable for use as a confirmation test to exclude Giardia infection