A combined anatomical variation of inferior epigastric vessels

During the routine anatomical dissection of a male cadaver, a variation was observed both in the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) and inferior epiastric vein (IEV). Although the origin of the IEA from the right femoral artery (FA) is common variation in this case, the right IEA originated from the RFA, 13 mm inferior to inguinal ligament. The artery didn’t course anterior to the femoral vein (FV) as described in the variations of this vessel; instead, coursed on the lateral side of the variant IEV. Additionally, in this cadaver, the single right IEV drained to RFV 8 mm inferior to inguinal ligament. Both the variant artery and vein passed posterior to spermatic cord and their course in the rectus sheath were normal in every aspect. Due to its clinical importance, this combined anatomical variation must be remembered by the surgeons

Toxicity of internalized laser generated pure silver nanoparticles to the isolated rat hippocampus cells

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commonly used nanoparticles (NPs) in medicine, industry and cosmetics. They are generally considered as biocompatible. However, contradictory reports on their biosafety render them difficult to accept as 'safe'. In this study, we evaluated the neurotoxicity of direct AgNP treatment in rat hippocampal slices. We produced pure uncoated AgNPs by a pulsed laser ablation method. NP characterization was performed by Ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Rat hippocampal slices were treated with AgNPs for an hour. AgNP exposure of hippocampal tissue resulted in a significant decrease in cell survival in a dose-dependent manner. Our TEM results showed that AgNPs were distributed in the extracellular matrix and were taken into the cytoplasm of the neurons. Moreover, we found that only larger AgNPs were taken into the neurons via phagocytosis. This study showed that the pure AgNPs produced by laser ablation are toxic to the neural tissue. We also found that neurons internalized only the large NPs by phagocytosis which seems to be the major mechanism in AgNP neurotoxicity. © The Author(s) 2017

Laser material processing lead to nanotoxicity

[No abstract available

Protective Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Nasal Mucosa of Rats Against the Histopathologic Changes in Cigarette Smoke Exposure

PubMed: 31996045Introduction: Smoking is a public health problem that has been proven to have adverse effects on human health. Aerobic exercise has positive effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. Objective: The aim of this experimental animal model study was to determine whether regular aerobic exercise has a protective effect against the harmful effects of cigarette smoke on the nasal mucosa of rats. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into 3 groups of 8: group 1 (cigarette smoking), group 2 (cigarette smoking and exercise), and group 3 (control group). At the end of the experiment period, histopathological (light and electron microscopy) and immunohistochemical (GSTA 1, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1) evaluations were made of the nasal mucosa of the animals. Results: Goblet cell loss and basal membrane thickening were significantly lower in group 2 and group 3 compared to group 1. In the electron microscope evaluation, the inflammatory expressions of the goblet cells were observed in a very small area in group 2. In group 1, these were distributed over large areas between the mucosal cells. There was seen to be significant swelling of the mitochondria in group 1 compared to the other groups. No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to GSTA1, CYP2E1, and CYP1A1 scores (P >.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that regular aerobic exercise has a protective effect against the harmful effects of smoking on the nasal mucosa of rats. © The Author(s) 2020

Chitosan film enriched with an antioxidant agent, taurine, in fenestration defects

PubMedID: 10880094A natural polysaccharide, chitosan (poly-N-acetyl glucosaminoglycan), which is a nontoxic and bioabsorbable polymer, has been shown to have hemostatic and antibacterial effects. An amino acid, taurine, is considered to be beneficial for regulating the inflammation process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of taurine and chitosan in the experimental defects at the vestibular bone of maxillary canine teeth in six dogs. Chitosan films were prepared as delivery system with or without taurine and placed in the randomly chosen defects. Biopsies were performed on the postoperative seventh day and routine histological procedures were performed for light and electron microscopic evaluations. For each group, 30 different microscopic areas were examined and the numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in these areas were counted. The mean numbers of both macrophages and neutrophils were found statistically different between the chitosan film incorporated with taurine and free chitosan groups (p 0.05). In addition to the increase in cell counts in both groups, the cytological alterations were more obvious in the chitosan film group incorporated with taurine. Accordingly, taurine appears to enhance the acceleration effect of chitosan on wound healing at early periods. This effect could be considered beneficial in tissue repair in destructive diseases like periodontitis. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.A natural polysaccharide, chitosan (poly-N-acetyl glucosaminoglycan), which is a nontoxic and bioabsorbable polymer, has been shown to have hemostatic and antibacterial effects. An amino acid, taurine, is considered to be beneficial for regulating the inflammation process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of taurine and chitosan in the experimental defects at the vestibular bone of maxillary canine teeth in six dogs. Chitosan films were prepared as delivery system with or without taurine and placed in the randomly chosen defects. Biopsies were performed on the postoperative seventh day and routine histological procedures were performed for light and electron microscopic evaluations. For each group, 30 different microscopic areas were examined and the numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in these areas were counted. The mean numbers of both macrophages and neutrophils were found statistically different between the chitosan film incorporated with taurine and free chitosan groups (p0.05). In addition to the increase in cell counts in both groups, the cytological alterations were more obvious in the chitosan film group incorporated with taurine. Accordingly, taurine appears to enhance the acceleration effect of chitosan on wound healing at early periods. This effect could be considered beneficial tissue repair in destructive diseases like periodontitis

Cationic core-shell nanoparticles for intravesical chemotherapy in tumor-induced rat model: Safety and efficacy

Mitomycin C (MMC) has shown potent efficacy against a wide spectrum of cancers and is clinical first choice in superficial bladder tumors. However, intravesical chemotherapy with MMC has been ineffective due to periodical discharge of the bladder and instability of this drug in acidic pH, both resulting in high rate of tumor recurrence and insufficiency to prevent progression. Nanocarriers may be a promising alternative for prolonged, effective and safe intravesical drug delivery due to their favorable size, surface properties and optimum interaction with mucosal layer of the bladder wall. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate and optimize cationic core-shell nanoparticles formulations (based on chitosan (CS) and poly-µ-caprolactone (PCL)) in terms of antitumor efficacy after intravesical administration in bladder tumor induced rat model. Antitumor efficacy was determined through the parameters of survival rate and nanoparticle penetration into the bladder tissue. Safety of the formulations were evaluated by histopathological evaluation of bladder tissue as well as observation of animals treated with MMC bound to nanoparticles. Results indicated that chitosan coated poly-µ-caprolactone (CS-PCL) nanoparticles presented the longest survival rate among all treatment groups as evaluated by Kaplan-Meier plotting. Histopathological evaluation revealed that cationic nanoparticles were localized and accumulated in the bladder tissue. As intravesical chemotherapy is a local therapy, no MMC was quantified in blood after intravesical instillation indicating no systemic uptake for the drug which could have subsequently led to side effects. In conclusion, core-shell type cationic nanoparticles may be effective tools for the intravesical chemotherapy of recurrent bladder tumors. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.109S172 EA-TUBA-GEBIP/2001-2-11Authors would like to acknowledge TUBITAK Scientific Research Project ( 109S172 ) for financial support of this study. Alper B. Iskit has been supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences , in the framework of the Young Scientist Award Program ( EA-TUBA-GEBIP/2001-2-11 )

Antitumor efficacy of bacillus calmette-guerin loaded cationic nanoparticles for intravesical immunotherapy of bladder tumor induced rat model

For bladder cancer, intravesical chemo/immunotherapy is widely used as adjuvant therapy after surgical transurethral resection. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated Mycobacterium of the same family as tuberculosis, that is capable of inducing a local inflammatory response upon instillation into the bladder. Intravesical therapy with BCG has proved to be more effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of superficial bladder tumors than most chemotherapeutic agents used for the same indication. However, compared to intravesical chemotherapy, BCG immunotherapy provokes more pronounced local and systemic reactions. In addition to the commonly induced granulomatous inflammatory changes in the bladder, which produce irritative symptoms, this therapy may cause systemic side effects varying from mild malaise and fever to, in rare instances, lifethreatening or fatal sepsis. Nanoparticles with positive surface charge and mucoadhesive properties were developed to overcome these side effects. Hence, the aim of this study was to optimize and evaluate cationic chitosan (CS) nanoparticles encapsulating BCG in terms of antitumor efficacy after intravesical administration in bladder tumor, induced in rat model. It was found that nanoparticle formulations of 269-375 nm in size can be produced with 42% encapsulation efficiency. The zeta potential was positive and was suitable for intravesical administration. Antitumor efficacy was determined over the parameters of histopathological evaluation, survival rate and mean bladder weight in comparison to treatment with commercial BCG solution. Concerning survival rates, BCG-loaded chitosan nanoparticles resulted in significantly longer survival than BCG commercial product (up to 86 days of survival with no systemic side effects). When compared to healthy bladder weight averages, all groups (especially BCG commercial solution) showed higher bladder weights confirming tumor formation. Histopathological findings confirmed antitumor activity in all treatment groups and optimum findings were observed in groups treated with CS nanoparticles encapsulating BCG. At the same time, significant nanoparticle accumulation in bladder tissues was observed especially for BCG-loaded CS group. In this study, it was clearly observed that cationic CS nanoparticles provide a significantly improved perspective in intravesical immunotherapy of bladder tumors. Copyright © 2015 American Scientific Publishers

Anatomic Study Of Complex Anomalies Of The Digastric Muscle And Review Of The Literature

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Neuroprotective effects of thymoquinone against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis

Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the spinal cord following thoracoabdominal aortic surgery remains the most devastating complication, with a life-changing impact on the patient. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main constituent of the volatile oil from Nigella sativa seeds, is reported to possess strong antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. This study investigated the effects of TQ administration following I/R injury to the spinal cord. Methods: Thirty-two rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Group 1 underwent only laparotomy. For Group 2, aortic clip occlusion was introduced to produce I/R injury. Group 3 was given 30 mg/kg of methylprednisolone intraperitoneally immediately after the I/R injury. Group 4 was given 10 mg/kg of TQ intraperitoneally for 7 days before induction of spinal cord I/R injury, and administration was continued until the animal was euthanized. Locomotor function (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale and inclined plane test) was assessed at 24 hours postischemia. Spinal cord tissue samples were harvested to analyze tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-?, interleukin-1, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase, catalase, and caspase-3. In addition, histological and ultrastructural evaluations were performed. Results: Thymoquinone treatment improved neurological outcome, which was supported by decreased levels of oxidative products (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-? and interleukin- 1), increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase, and catalase), as well as reduction of motor neuron apoptosis. Light microscopy and electron microscopy results also showed preservation of tissue structure in the treatment group. Conclusions: As shown by functional, biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural analysis, TQ exhibits an important protective effect against I/R injury of the spinal cord. © 2016 AANS