L'impact de l'âge à la vaccination, du type de vaccin et de la présence des manifestations cliniques indésirables sur la réponse immunitaire au vaccin contre la rougeole

La vaccination universelle contre la rougeole a permis de contrôler cette maladie et de l’éliminer dans la région des Amériques depuis 2002. Pour atteindre et maintenir l’élimination, une immunité de plus de 90% de la population est nécessaire. Outre la couverture vaccinale, une efficacité vaccinale élevée est primordiale pour assurer une telle immunité. L’âge à la première dose détermine la réponse immunitaire, mais cela semble être surtout important chez les enfants vaccinés avec une dose unique et nés de mères qui ont eu la rougeole. La deuxième dose a été ajoutée pour assurer la séroconversion de ceux qui n’auraient pas répondu à la première dose (échec primaire). Cependant, l’épidémie de 2011 au Québec a montré que le risque chez ceux ayant reçu deux doses augmentait avec un âge plus précoce à la première vaccination. D’autres études épidémiologiques ont documenté des échecs vaccinaux secondaires parmi les cas vaccinés avec deux doses; ils auraient développé une réponse immunitaire faible et transitoire. Par ailleurs, le vaccin contre la rougeole est généralement administré comme vaccin combiné trivalent, contre la rougeole, la rubéole et les oreillons (RRO), ou tétravalent, en incluant le vaccin contre la varicelle (RROV). Ce dernier induit plus d’anticorps contre la rougeole, mais aussi plus de fièvre que le RRO. Dans un contexte épidémiologique caractérisé par un calendrier à deux doses et des mères vaccinées, notre projet visait à évaluer l’impact de l’âge à la première dose, du type de vaccin combiné et des manifestations cliniques indésirables sur la réponse à une et deux doses du RRO ou RROV. Trois études ont été menées: 1. La première étude est une revue systématique avec méta-analyse qui a synthétisé les connaissances sur l’effet de l’âge à la première dose sur la protection et l’immunogénicité du vaccin contre la rougeole chez des enfants ayant reçu une ou deux doses. 2. La seconde étude avait pour objectif d’estimer l’effet de l’âge à la première dose du vaccin RRO ou RROV sur la réponse immunitaire, d’évaluer la corrélation entre le titre d’anticorps après la première et la deuxième dose et de décrire l’évolution des titres d’anticorps pendant un suivi de trois ans. 3. La troisième étude a évalué le rôle de la fièvre suivant la vaccination comme médiateur dans les associations entre l’âge, le type de vaccin et le titre d’anticorps. Les études 2 et 3 étaient des analyses secondaires des données immunologiques et de réactogénicité recueillies lors de cinq essais cliniques menés en Europe et aux États-Unis entre 2004 et 2010 avec 5542 enfants âgés de 11 à 22 mois. Pour évaluer les différentes associations, des modèles de régression linéaires et log-binomiaux ont été bâtis pour modéliser respectivement, la concentration d’anticorps et le risque de séronégativité. Une analyse de médiation a permis d’estimer la proportion de l’effet de l’âge et de l’effet du type de vaccin sur l’immunogénicité qui était expliquée par la fièvre. Nous avons montré que la séroconversion, la concentration d’anticorps et la protection augmentaient avec l’âge à la première vaccination et avec le vaccin RROV. Les titres après la première et la deuxième dose étaient fortement corrélés. Après la deuxième dose, la proportion séropositive était très élevée pour n’importe quel âge à la première vaccination. Cependant, les titres diminuaient progressivement pendant les trois années de suivi. La survenue de la fièvre était le meilleur prédicteur des titres d’anticorps. Cependant, la fièvre n’était pas un médiateur de l’effet de l’âge, mais expliquait 18% de l’effet total du type de vaccin sur la réponse immunitaire. En conclusion, une première dose du vaccin contre la rougeole à 15 mois et l’utilisation du RROV augmenteraient l’immunité de la population, même chez des enfants nés de mères vaccinées et avec un calendrier à deux doses. Dans les pays ayant éliminé ou avec une faible transmission de la rougeole, le calendrier vaccinal devrait considérer : l’immunogénicité accrue en fonction de l’âge et le type du vaccin, le risque des enfants de 12 à 15 mois et l’augmentation des manifestations cliniques indésirables lorsque le RROV est administré comme première dose.Universal measles immunization has resulted in the control of the disease and its elimination in the Americas since 2002. To achieve and maintain elimination, population immunity needs to be higher than 90%. In addition to vaccination coverage, high vaccine efficacy is essential to ensure such immunity. The age at first dose determines the immune response, but this appeared to be especially important in children vaccinated with a single dose and born to mothers who had had measles. The second dose was added to seroconvert those who did not respond to the first dose (primary failures). However, the measles epidemic in Quebec in 2011 showed that the risk among two-dose recipients increased with an earlier age at first vaccination. Other epidemiological studies have documented secondary vaccine failures among those vaccinated with two doses; they had developed a weak and transient immune response. Moreover, the measles vaccine is usually given as a trivalent combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), or tetravalent, including also varicella vaccine (MMRV). The latter induces more antibodies against measles, but also more fever than MMR. In an epidemiological context characterized by a two-dose schedule and children born to vaccinated mothers, our project aimed to evaluate the effect of the age at first dose, the type of combined vaccine and the adverse events on the response to one and two doses of MMR or MMRV. Three studies were conducted: 1. A systematic review with meta-analysis synthesized the current knowledge about the effect of the age at first dose on the protection and immunogenicity of the measles vaccine in children who received one or two doses. 2. An immunological study aimed to estimate the effect of age at the first dose of MMR or MMRV on the immune response, to assess the correlation between antibody titers after the first and the second dose and to describe the evolution of antibody titers during a three-year follow-up. 3. A third study evaluated the role of post-vaccination fever as a mediator in the associations between age, type of vaccine and antibody titer. Studies 2 and 3 performed a post-hoc analysis of data on immunogenicity and reactogenicity of MMR and MMRV vaccines from five clinical trials conducted in Europe and the United States between 2004 and 2010 with 5542 children aged 11 to 22 months. To evaluate the different associations, we constructed linear and log-binomial regression models to estimate, respectively, the antibody concentrations and the risk of seronegativity. The proportion of the effect of the age or the effect of the type of vaccine on the immunogenicity that was explained by the fever was estimated using a mediation analysis. We showed that seroconversion, antibody concentration, and protection increased with age at first vaccination and with MMRV vaccination. Titers after the first and the second doses were strongly correlated. After the second dose, the seropositive proportion was very high for any age at first vaccination. However, the titers gradually decreased during the three-year follow-up. Fever was not a mediator of the effect of age, but accounted for 18% of the total effect of the type of vaccine on the immune response. Finally, fever onset was the best predictor of antibody titers. In conclusion, a first dose of measles vaccine at 15 months and the use of MMRV appear to increase the immunity of the population, even in children born to vaccinated mothers and with a two-dose schedule. Countries that have eliminated or with low transmission of the disease may revisit their recommendations considering the increased immunogenicity by age and type of vaccine, the risk of disease among children aged 12 to 15 months, and the increased adverse clinical manifestations when MMRV is administered as a first dose

Multicentre, randomised, single-blind, parallel group trial to compare the effectiveness of a Holter for Parkinson's symptoms against other clinical monitoring methods: study protocol

Introduction In recent years, multiple studies have aimed to develop and validate portable technological devices capable of monitoring the motor complications of Parkinson's disease patients (Parkinson's Holter). The effectiveness of these monitoring devices for improving clinical control is not known. Methods and analysis This is a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled clinical trial. Neurologists from Spanish health centres will be randomly assigned to one of three study arms (1:1:1): (a) therapeutic adjustment using information from a Parkinson?s Holter that will be worn by their patients for 7 days, (b) therapeutic adjustment using information from a diary of motor fluctuations that will be completed by their patients for 7 days and (c) therapeutic adjustment using clinical information collected during consultation. It is expected that 162 consecutive patients will be included over a period of 6 months. The primary outcome is the efficiency of the Parkinson?s Holter compared with traditional clinical practice in terms of Off time reduction with respect to the baseline (recorded through a diary of motor fluctuations, which will be completed by all patients). As secondary outcomes, changes in variables related to other motor complications (dyskinesia and freezing of gait), quality of life, autonomy in activities of daily living, adherence to the monitoring system and number of doctor?patient contacts will be analysed. The noninferiority of the Parkinson's Holter against the diary of motor fluctuations in terms of Off time reduction will be studied as the exploratory objective. Ethics and dissemination approval for this study has been obtained from the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge Ethics Committee. The results of this study will inform the practical utility of the objective information provided by a Parkinson's Holter and, therefore, the convenience of adopting this technology in clinical practice and in future clinical trials. We expect public dissemination of the results in 2022.Funding This work is supported by AbbVie S.L.U, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III [DTS17/00195] and the European Fund for Regional Development, 'A way to make Europe'

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Highlighting scouring threat on bioengineering riverbank protections

International audienceSoil bioengineering techniques for riverbank protection are Nature-based solutions that may fulfil most of natural riverbank ecological functions, and achieve a sustainable erosion control function. Despite their great potential, grey solutions as riprap and concrete structures are still often preferred by engineers. We suspect that the low number of existing design criteria and poor understanding of failure modes are the main barriers in the way of mainstreaming bioengineering techniques. The failure risk of bioengineering bank protections is so far estimated by a single criterion based on a mean shear stress resistance. Recent works proved that higher hydraulic constraints were correlated to higher failure risk but that scattering remained high. In addition to natural variability due to the living material involved, a possible explanation of this scattering is that another process sometime triggered the failure. This process could be the scouring of protection that would also occur under high hydraulics constraints, but that would be only partially described by a proxy of mean bed shear stress. A comprehensive study of failure modes of bioengineering bank protection have been performed based on empirical knowledge and field surveys. It highlighted that, in addition to the classical shear stress, scouring is a key failure mode of bioengineering bank protection. Small scale modellings of fascines were performed to highlight it. This contribution will present preliminary results of small scale modelling of living fascine scouring failures and protections

Challenges in preparing and implementing a clinical trial at field level in an Ebola emergency: A case study in Guinea, West Africa

During the large Ebola outbreak that affected West Africa in 2014 and 2015, studies were launched to evaluate potential treatments for the disease. A clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiviral drug favipiravir was conducted in Guinea. This paper describes the main challenges of the implementation of the trial in the Ebola treatment center of Guéckédou. Following the principles of the Good Clinical Research Practices, we explored the aspects of the community's communication and engagement, ethical conduct, trial protocol compliance, informed consent of participants, ongoing benefit/risk assessment, record keeping, confidentiality of patients and study data, and roles and responsibilities of the actors involved. We concluded that several challenges have to be addressed to successfully implement a clinical trial during an international medical emergency but that the potential for collaboration between research teams and humanitarian organizations needs to be highlighted.status: publishe

Challenges in preparing and implementing a clinical trial at field level in an Ebola emergency: A case study in Guinea, West Africa.

During the large Ebola outbreak that affected West Africa in 2014 and 2015, studies were launched to evaluate potential treatments for the disease. A clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiviral drug favipiravir was conducted in Guinea. This paper describes the main challenges of the implementation of the trial in the Ebola treatment center of Guéckédou. Following the principles of the Good Clinical Research Practices, we explored the aspects of the community's communication and engagement, ethical conduct, trial protocol compliance, informed consent of participants, ongoing benefit/risk assessment, record keeping, confidentiality of patients and study data, and roles and responsibilities of the actors involved. We concluded that several challenges have to be addressed to successfully implement a clinical trial during an international medical emergency but that the potential for collaboration between research teams and humanitarian organizations needs to be highlighted

Key recommendations for a trial implementation in an Ebola outbreak.

<p>Key recommendations for a trial implementation in an Ebola outbreak.</p

Development of a prediction model for postoperative pneumonia A multicentre prospective observational study

BACKGROUND Postoperative pneumonia is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and costs. Prediction models of pneumonia that are currently available are based on retrospectively collected data and administrative coding systems. OBJECTIVE To identify independent variables associated with the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia. DESIGN A prospective observational study of a multicentre cohort (Prospective Evaluation of a RIsk Score for postoperative pulmonary COmPlications in Europe database). SETTING Sixty-three hospitals in Europe. PATIENTS Patients undergoing surgery under general and/or regional anaesthesia during a 7-day recruitment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome was postoperative pneumonia. Definition: the need for treatment with antibiotics for a respiratory infection and at least one of the following criteria: new or changed sputum; new or changed lung opacities on a clinically indicated chest radiograph; temperature more than 38.3 degrees C; leucocyte count more than 12 000 mu l(-1). RESULTS Postoperative pneumonia occurred in 120 out of 5094 patients (2.4%). Eighty-two of the 120 (68.3%) patients with pneumonia required ICU admission, compared with 399 of the 4974 (8.0%) without pneumonia (P < 0.001). We identified five variables independently associated with postoperative pneumonia: functional status [odds ratio (OR) 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58 to 3.12], pre-operative SpO(2) values while breathing room air (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.84), intra-operative colloid administration (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.94 to 3.99), intra-operative blood transfusion (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.41 to 4.71) and surgical site (open upper abdominal surgery OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.19 to 7.59). The model had good discrimination (c-statistic 0.89) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.572). CONCLUSION We identified five variables independently associated with postoperative pneumonia. The model performed well and after external validation may be used for risk stratification and management of patients at risk of postoperative pneumonia

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates