337 research outputs found
Cultura: AutĂȘntica e espĂșria
O artigo discute a noção de cultura e seus diversos usos, elaborando a partir deles uma concepção estruturalmente tensionada pelas categorias autenticidade e inautenticidade. Estas Ășltimas oferecem meios comparativos para o reconhecimento de experiĂȘncias socioculturais diversas. Numa perspectiva de crĂtica da cultura, o autor discute o modo pelo qual a inautenticidade distinguiria as modernas sociedades ocidentais, repercutindo a critica modernista da modernidade. O artigo tem como foco de sua crĂtica a sociedade norte-americana das primeiras dĂ©cadas do sĂ©culo XX. Ele assinala, no entanto, que autenticidade e inautenticidade nĂŁo se confundem com determinadas formas mais ou menos evoluĂdas de vida sociocultural; nem com nĂveis de desenvolvimento econĂŽmico e tecnolĂłgico. A inautenticidade nĂŁo estaria exclusivamente associada Ă modernidade. As formas de cultura autĂȘntica sĂŁo pensadas como formas de vida coletiva que passam necessariamente pela experiĂȘncia individual e passĂveis de serem encontradas seja nas chamadas âsociedades primitivasâ seja ao longo da histĂłria das sociedades ocidentais
La funciĂł dâuna llengua auxiliar internacional
Tot i que la necessitat prĂ ctica dâuna llengua internacional auxiliar Ă©s patent, hi ha desacord entre els partidaris dâadoptar una llengua construĂŻda o una llengua nacional en la seva forma tradicional o simplificada. Per bĂ© que la segona opciĂł sembla mĂ©s prĂ ctica i realista, de fet topa amb dos obstacles: la resistĂšncia psicolĂČgica a un idioma estranger imposat, i un malentĂšs respecte a les necessitats profundes que una tal llengua hauria de satisfer. En comptes de difondre les irracionalitats idiosincrĂ tiques dâun idioma particular, la llengua internacional hauria de ser simple, regular, lĂČgica, rica i creativa, per tal que faci el mĂ xim de feina amb una mĂnima inversiĂł dâesforç, a mĂ©s de ser un ajut al pensament clar i una pedra de toc de traduccions. El seu avantatge psicolĂČgic seria tambĂ© alliberar el pensament de restriccions tan formals com socials. Finalment, tindria el valor educatiu propedĂšutic dâensinistrar la ment per a lâadquisiciĂł posterior de qualsevol altra llengua.Kvankam la praktika bezono de internacia helplingvo estas evidenta, ekzistas malkonsento inter la partianoj adopti planlingvon aĆ nacian lingvon en ties Äi tradicia formo aĆ simpligita. Kvankam la dua eblo Ćajnas pli praktika kaj realisma, Äi fakte trafas du obstaklojn: la psikologian kontraĆstaron kontraĆ trudata fremda lingvo kaj miskomprenon pri la profundaj bezonoj, kiujn tia lingvo devus kontentigi. AnstataĆ ol disvastigi la idiosinkraziajn neraciaÄ”ojn de difinita lingvo, la internacia lingvo devus esti simpla, regula, logika, riÄa kaj kreiva, tiel ke Äi permesu kiel eble plej multajn eblojn kontraĆ eta laborinvesto. Krome Äi devus helpi al klara pensado kaj agi kiel tuĆoĆtono de tradukado. Äia psikologia avantaÄo estus ankaĆ liberigi la penson tiel de formalaj kiel de sociaj limigoj. Fine Äi havus la propedeĆtikan valoron trejni la menson por posta lernado de iu ajn alia lingvo
What's in a copy?
ABSTRACTI will answer the question âWhatâs in a copy?â by considering three sets of
related issues: the importance of copies in academia; in cultural life; and in
the economic world. In academia the current capability of making copies is
challenging pedagogical practices and the trust of its members, plagiarism
being the most immediate problem. The notion of authorship is also undergoing
changes provoked by a proliferation of authors and new possibilities
opened up by cyberspace. In cultural life, imitation and mimesis have long
been fundamental engines of socialization. Our enhanced capacity of copying
problematizes, with new intensity, the relationships between homogeneity
and heterogeneity, between the genuine and the spurious. In the economic
world, the digital era is threatening some of the fundamental tenets of capitalism,
especially of its variant called the âknowledge societyâ, regarding the
control of intellectual property rights. The gap between normativity and social
practices is widening. The many dilemmas and tensions identified in the
text are understood as symptoms of two major characteristics of the current
times: hyperfetishism and hyperanimism. ________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMOResponderei Ă pergunta âO que existe em uma cĂłpia?â considerando trĂȘs
conjuntos de questÔes relacionadas: a importùncia das cópias na academia,
na vida cultural, no mundo econĂŽmico. Na academia a presente capacidade
de fazer cópias estå desafiando pråticas pedagógicas e a confiança dos seus
membros, o plågio sendo o problema mais imediato. A noção de autoria
também estå sofrendo mudanças provocadas por uma proliferação de autores
e novas possibilidades abertas pelo ciberespaço. Na vida cultural, a imitação
e a mimese de hå muito são importantes motores de socialização. A nossa
capacidade ampliada de fazer cĂłpias problematiza, com nova intensidade, as relaçÔes entre homogeneidade e heterogeneidade, entre o genuĂno e o espĂșrio.
No mundo econÎmico, a era digital ameaça algumas das premissas
fundamentais do capitalismo, especialmente da sua variante âsociedade do
conhecimentoâ, no tocante aos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Cresce a
distùncia entre normatividade e pråticas sociais. Os muitos dilemas e tensÔes
identificados no texto sĂŁo compreendidos como sintomas de duas grandes
caracterĂsticas do presente: o hiperfetichismo e o hiperanimismo
Lkb1 Deficiency Alters Goblet and Paneth Cell Differentiation in the Small Intestine
The Lkb1 tumour suppressor is a multitasking kinase participating in a range of physiological processes. We have determined the impact of Lkb1 deficiency on intestinal homeostasis, particularly focussing on secretory cell differentiation and development since we observe strong expression of Lkb1 in normal small intestine Paneth and goblet cells. We crossed mice bearing an Lkb1 allele flanked with LoxP sites with those carrying a Cyp1a1-specific inducible Cre recombinase. Lkb1 was efficiently deleted from the epithelial cells of the mouse intestine after intraperitoneal injection of the inducing agent ÎČ-naphthoflavone. Bi-allelic loss of Lkb1 led to the perturbed development of Paneth and goblet cell lineages. These changes were characterised by the lack of Delta ligand expression in Lkb1-deficient secretory cells and a significant increase in the levels of the downstream Notch signalling effector Hes5 but not Hes1. Our data show that Lkb1 is required for the normal differentiation of secretory cell lineages within the intestine, and that Lkb1 deficiency modulates Notch signalling modulation in post-mitotic cells
Users' guides to the medical literature: how to use an article about mortality in a humanitarian emergency
The accurate interpretation of mortality surveys in humanitarian crises is useful for both public health responses and security responses. Recent examples suggest that few medical personnel and researchers can accurately interpret the validity of a mortality survey in these settings. Using an example of a mortality survey from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we demonstrate important methodological considerations that readers should keep in mind when reading a mortality survey to determine the validity of the study and the applicability of the findings to their settings
Words cluster phonetically beyond phonotactic regularities
Recent evidence suggests that cognitive pressures associated with language acquisition and use could affect the organization of the lexicon. On one hand, consistent with noisy channel models of language (e.g., Levy, 2008), the phonological distance between wordforms should be maximized to avoid perceptual confusability (a pressure for dispersion). On the other hand, a lexicon with high phonological regularity would be simpler to learn, remember and produce (e.g., Monaghan et al., 2011) (a pressure for clumpiness). Here we investigate wordform similarity in the lexicon, using measures of word distance (e.g., phonological neighborhood density) to ask whether there is evidence for dispersion or clumpiness of wordforms in the lexicon. We develop a novel method to compare lexicons to phonotactically-controlled baselines that provide a null hypothesis for how clumpy or sparse wordforms would be as the result of only phonotactics. Results for four languages, Dutch, English, German and French, show that the space of monomorphemic wordforms is clumpier than what would be expected by the best chance model according to a wide variety of measures: minimal pairs, average Levenshtein distance and several network properties. This suggests a fundamental drive for regularity in the lexicon that conflicts with the pressure for words to be as phonologically distinct as possible. Keywords: Linguistics; Lexical design; Communication;
Phonotactic
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