La crisis del indigenismo mexicano : antropólogos críticos y asociaciones indígenas (1968-1994)

En este documento de trabajo en primer lugar se revisa brevemente el indigenismo mexicano:\ud sus rasgos característicos y algunos de sus principales teóricos. A continuación, se describe la\ud crisis del indigenismo, con sus dos principales protagonistas: los antropólogos críticos y las\ud organizaciones indígenas. En lo que se refiere a los primeros, se aborda con detalle el\ud significativo libro De eso que llaman antropología mexicana en lo que respecta a las críticas al\ud indigenismo clásico que contiene. Y en cuanto a las organizaciones indígenas, se realiza un\ud recorrido histórico por el desarrollo de las mismas y se enuncian varias tipologías de\ud organizaciones en función de distintos criterios. Finalmente, se tratan las causas del\ud surgimiento de las organizaciones indígenas, en particular, y del cambio de paradigma, del\ud indigenismo al pluralismo, y, con él, de proyecto nacional, en general. En relación con ello, se\ud subraya la importancia del cambio de paradigma a nivel internacional para explicar lo\ud acontecido en México desde la década de 1970 hasta la de 2000.Abstract: In this work paper briefly review the Mexican indigenism: its characteristics and some of its\ud leading theorists. This paper describes the crisis of indigenism, with its two main protagonists:\ud the critical anthropologists and indigenous organizations. In regard to the first, adresses in\ud detail the important book De eso que llaman antropología mexicana in relation to critics of the\ud classic insigenism it contains. And as for indigenous organizations, conducting a historical\ud review thought the development of them and sets out various types of organizations according\ud to different criteria. Finally, this paper discusses the causes of emergence of indigenous\ud organizations, in particular, and the paradigm shift, from indigenism to pluralism, and with it,\ud national projetc in general. In this regard, stresses the importance of the paradigm shift at the\ud international level to explain what happened in Mexico since the 1970s until 2000

La crisis del indigenismo clásico y el surgimiento de un nuevo paradigma sobre la población indígena de México

La Revolución mexicana trajo consigo la implantación de la ideología del mestizaje y del indigenismo integracionista, que defendía la conveniencia de la integración en la sociedad nacional de las poblaciones indígenas. Pero, a finales de los años 60, en un marco internacional de protesta generalizada, comienza la crítica a las políticas gubernamentales en todos los ámbitos, teniendo especial importancia el desacuerdo respecto al indigenismo clásico. La matanza de Tlatelolco de 1968 constituirá un punto de inflexión en el clima de revuelta contra el poder establecido. A partir de entonces, las críticas cobran fuerza, generando una alternativa respecto al tratamiento a los indígenas, que desembocará en una nueva propuesta pluralista o multiculturalista, que valora la diferencia. En este artículo se describirán los sucesivos paradigmas con respecto a los indígenas que han tenido lugar desde la Revolución mexicana y, se tratará de apuntar algunas explicaciones acerca del cambio de ideología observado, con objeto de establecer una comparación entre la presente y el pasado, así como de valorar el alcance de dicho cambio.The Mexican Revolution resulted in the implementation of the ideology of crossbreeding and integrationist indigenism, which defended the convenience of integration of indigenous people into the national society. But in the late 60s, in the context of widespread international protests, widespread criticism of government policies began in all fields, where disagreements regarding classical indigenism and integration were of special significance. The Tlatelolco massacre of 1968 was to be a turning point in the atmosphere of revolt against the established power. Shortly thereafter, stronger criticism helped to generate an alternative with respect to the treatment to the Indians, leading to a new paradigm that might be called pluralist or multicultural. This paper will describe the successive paradigms that have taken place since the Mexican Revolution with respect to indigenous people, with the aim of drawing some conclusions from the observed changes. The paper will also try to espouse some explanations about the observed change of ideology, in order to establish a comparison between this and the previous one, as well as assessing the extent of that change

Multimodal communicative patterns on the transition to first words: changes in the coordination of gesture and vocalization

El objetivo del estudio es explorar la coordinación degestos y vocalizaciones en patrones comunicativos multimodales en el periodo de transición a las primeras palabras. Para ello se analizaron longitudinalmente las conductas comunicativas de 11 niños españoles monolingües entre los 9 y los 15 meses. Se observó que el uso de recursos comunicativos multimodales aumenta significativamente a los 12 meses,y que hay diferencias en el acompañamiento vocal de los distintos tipos degestos. Al considerar la función comunicativa yla estructura de las vocalizaciones que acompañan a los gestos, el gesto de alcance aparece vinculado a la función imperativa yésta a vocalizaciones vocálicas, mientras que el gesto de señalar se asocia a la función declarativa y a vocalizaciones tanto vocálicas como consonánticas.The aim of this study is to explore gestural and vocal coordination in multimodal communicative patterns during the transition period to first words. We analyse longitudinally the communicative behaviours of 11 monolingual Spanish children from 9 to 15 months of age. We observed both that use of multimodal communicative resources increases significantly at 12 months, and that differences on the vocal accompaniment of different types of gestures exist. Considering communicative function and vocalizations structure, we observe that reaching gesture is linked to the imperative function and to vocalic vocalizations, whereas pointing gesture is associated to the declarative function and to both vocalic and consonantic vocalizations

Gestural-vocal coordination: longitudinal changes and predictive value on early lexical development

The aim of this study was to examine longitudinally gestural and vocal coordination in multimodal communicative patterns during the period of transition to first words, and its role in early lexical development. Eleven monolingual Spanish children were observed from 9 to 12 and 15 months of age in a semistructured play situation. We obtained three main findings: (1) the use of multimodal patterns of communication increases significantly with age during the period studied; (2) the rate of use of those multimodal patterns at 12 months predicts lexical development at 15 months; and (3) the use of the pointing gesture at 12 months, especially when it is accompanied with vocalization and social use of gaze, is the best predictor of lexical outcome at 15 months. Our findings support the idea that gestures, gazes and vocalizations are part of an integrated and developing system that children use flexibly to communicate from early on. The coordination of these three types of elements, especially when a pointing gesture is involved, has a predictive value on early lexical development and appears as a key for progress in language developmen

Multimodal representational gestures in the transition to multi-word productions

The aim of this study is to analyze the use of representational gestures from a multimodal point of view in the transition from one-word to multi-word constructions. Twenty-one Spanish-speaking children were observed longitudinally from 18 to 30 months of age. We analyzed the production of deictic and representational gestures and its coordination with different verbal elements. We also compared how different types of representational gestures (conventional and symbolic) evolve. Moreover we explored the relationship between gestural multimodal and unimodal productions and independent measures of language development. Results showed that gesture production remains stable in the period studied. Whereas deictic gestures are frequent and mostly multimodal from the beginning, representational gestures are rare and mainly unimodal. However, between 24 and 30 months of age this pattern reverse, with more representational gestures than deictics, and more multimodal representational gestures than unimodal. In addition, the frequency of multimodal representational gestures at specific ages seems to be positively related to independent measures of vocabulary and morphosyntax development. By contrast, the production of unimodal representational gestures appears negatively related to these measures. Our results suggest that multimodal representational gestures could have a facilitating role in the process of learning to combine meanings for communicative goalsThis research has been supported by the Ministerio de Innovación y Universidades, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion with a grant referenced PGC-2018-095275-A-10

Claves en la aplicación del algoritmo Chaid : un estudio del ocio físico deportivo universitario

The purpose of this article is to explain the usefulness of and the procedure involved in hierarchical segmentation based on the CHAID algorithm as a multivariate analysis technique. A study carried out on leisure physicalsport behaviour of a university population served to facilitate an understanding of this method, the exhibition of its use and the interpretation of this technique. The study aimed to define the profiles of university students according to different degree of satisfaction with their physical-sport practices, as well as verify the existence of predictors of that satisfaction when all of them are related to one other. The article demonstrates the valuable capacity of this hierarchical segmentation technique in predicting and explaining certain behaviours, as well as determining the cause-effect relationship of these behaviours

A physical activity program versus usual care in the management of quality of life for pre-frail older adults with chronic pain: Randomized controlled trial

Background: Exercise has shown being effective for managing chronic pain and preventing frailty status in older adults but the effect of an exercise program in the quality of life of pre-frail older adults with chronic pain remains unclear. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of multicomponent structured physical exercise program for pre-frail adults aged 65 years or more with chronic pain to improve their perceived health related quality of life, compared with usual care. Methods: Open label randomized controlled trial. Participants were community-dwelling pre-frail older adults aged 65 years or older with chronic pain and non-dependent for basic activities of daily living attending a Primary Healthcare Centre. Forty-four participants were randomly allocated to a control group (n = 20) that received usual care or an intervention group (n = 24) that received an 8-week physical activity and education program. Frailty status (SHARE Frailty Index), quality of life (EuroQol-5D-5L), pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale), physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery) and depression (Yessavage) were assessed at baseline, after the intervention and after 3 months follow-up. The effect of the intervention was analysed by mean differences between the intervention and control groups. Results: The follow-up period (3 months) was completed by 32 patients (73%), 17 in the control group and 15 in the intervention group. Most participants were women (78.1%) with a mean age (standard deviation) of 77.2 (5.9) years and a mean pain intensity of 48.1 (24.4) mm. No relevant differences were found between groups at baseline. After the intervention, mean differences in the EuroQol Index Value between control and intervention groups were significant (- 0.19 95% CI(- 0.33- -0.04)) and remained after 3 months follow-up (- 0.21 95% CI(- 0.37- -0.05)). Participants in the exercise group showed better results in pain intensity and frailty after the intervention, and an improvement in physical performance after the intervention and after 3 months. Conclusions: An eight-week physical activity and education program for pre-frail older adults with chronic pain, compared with usual care, could be effective to improve quality of life after the intervention and after three-months follow-up. Study registration details: This study was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT04045535

Ocio deportivo, imagen corporal y satisfacción vital en jóvenes españoles

Los objetivos de este estudio son (1) analizar el efecto del género y de la edad en la participación en actividades de ocio y en la satisfacción con la imagen corporal (SIC) y vital (SV) y, (2) examinar cómo éstas últimas varían según la participación en distintas modalidades de ocio (deportivo, cultural, electrónico, festivo y otros). Se recogieron datos de 1764 estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria Postobligatoria (con una edad media de 18.6 años) de centros públicos y privados españoles, que completaron un cuestionario sobre la organización de los tiempos académicos y de ocio. Los resultados indican que el ocio deportivo (práctica de actividad físico-deportiva durante el ocio) se relaciona positivamente con la SIC y SV en los jóvenes estudiados. El género (y no la edad) es una variable de confusión en esta relación que debe ser controlada y analizada. El ocio deportivo se asocia con mayores niveles de SIC y de SV respecto a algunos tipos de ocio, pero no a todos. El ocio electrónico se vincula con una menor SV, mientras el ocio cultural arroja los valores más bajos en cuanto a SIC y SV. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones que contrasten el efecto del ocio deportivo con otras modalidades de ocio.The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the impact of gender and age on leisure activities participation and on both body image satisfaction (BIS) and life satisfaction (LS), and (2) examine how BIS and LS varied according to participation on different leisure activities (sport, cultural, electronic, festive, others). Data was collected from 1764 Spanish Post-Compulsory Secondary students (mean age 18.6 years) of public and private schools who completed a self-administered questionnaire about school and leisure time. Results showed that physical activity was positively related with BIS and LS. Gender (not age) was a confounding factor in this relation which must be further checked and analyzed. Sport leisure was associated with higher levels of BIS and LS than others types of leisure, but not all. Electronic leisure was associated with less LS, while cultural leisure had the lowest levels of BIS and LS. Further research about the effect of sport leisure on BIS and LS compared with other types of leisure is required