Padrão de distribuição de espécies de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e o efeito de variáveis ambientais em um gradiente latitudinal na Amazônia

Understanding how the number of species varies along the environment at different scales is a challenge. Nowadays we have a reasonable idea of how the species are distributed specially at small and continental scales, but information at mesoscales are stills scarce. Here we investigated the role of regional variables (temperature, precipitation and vegetation type) and local edaphic factors (soil clay content and slope of terrain) on ants species richness at regional and local scale along a latitudinal gradient of approximately 1,350 km in the central Amazon forest. We collected ants in permanent plots using five litter samples and/or ten pitfall samples. In total, we sampled 139 plots and 1,270 samples. We collected 510 species/morphospecies representing 77 genera and 13 subfamilies. At regional scale, the linear model using annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, proportion of soil clay content, terrain slope and vegetation type explained 40% of the variation in species richness for pitfall data and 70% to Winkler data. At local scale, the number of ant species sampled with pitfalls and winkler sacks were not related with the predictors variables investigated. Our results, showed that several environmental variables normally associated with local species assembly process, can also operate in larger scales.Compreender como o número de espécies varia ao longo de um ambiente em diferentes escalas é um desafio. Atualmente, temos uma razoável ideia de como as espécies estão distribuídas, especialmente em escalas pequenas, no entanto, informações na mesoescala ainda são escassas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel das variáveis regionais (temperatura, precipitação e tipo vegetacional) e fatores edáficos locais (teor de argila do solo e inclinação do terreno) sobre a riqueza de formigas na escala local e regional ao longo de um gradiente latitudinal de aproximadamente 1.350 km na Amazônia Central. As coletas foram realizadas em parcelas permanentes utilizando cinco amostras de Winkler e/ou 10 pitfalls. No total foram amostrados 139 parcelas e 1.270 amostras. Foram coletadas 510 espécies/morfoespécies, representando 77 gêneros e 13 subfamilias. Na escala regional, o modelo linear usando a média anual de temperatura, media anual de precipitação, teor de argila, inclinação e tipo de vegetação explicou 40% da variação na riqueza de espécies para os dados de pitfall e 70% para os dados de Winkler. Na escala local, o número de espécies coletadas com pitfall e Winkler não foram relacionadas com as variáveis preditoras investigadas. Nossos resultados mostram que diferentes variáveis ambientais, normalmente associadas com processos de assembléias locais, também podem operar em escalas maiores

Bionomics of the Black Fly Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Northeast Brazil

Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera: Simuliidae) is the main vector of the nematode Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), which causes onchocerciasis in the Amazonian focus of the disease. We present the first report of the presence of S. guianense in the Parnaíba River basin, its oviposition behavior, and its number of instars. Immatures were found in high density on bedrock, on leaves of Podostemaceae and other aquatic plants, and on branches and leaves of riparian vegetation. Larvae and pupae were collected in 9 rivers: 8 in the state of Piauí and 1 in the state of Ceará. Six instars were determined for a population in Piauí. Oviposition behavior was of the dabbing type. Ants (Solenopsis sp.; Hymenoptera: Formicidae) preyed on larvae and pupae stranded when the river receded

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Bioensaio com náiades de Campylocia anceps Eaton, 1983 para avaliação dos metais Cobre (Cu) e Zinco (Zn).

Resumo. Em Manaus, o processo de desenvolvimento industrial e sócio-econômico, bem como a falta de programas eficientes de controle ambiental tem possibilitado a ocorrência de impactos ambientais especialmente nos igarapés urbanos. Estes impactos resultam na degradação dos recursos hídricos por meio de poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos oriundos das atividades desenvolvidas no entorno das bacias hidrográficas. Objetivou-se então analisar os teores dos metais cobre e zinco em náiades de C. anceps. O estudo foi realizado em dois afluentes na Bacia do Educandos: o primeiro, foi feita a coleta de C. anceps, está situado na Universidade Federal do Amazonas e, o segundo, foi feita a coleta da água contaminada, igarapé do Quarenta, está situado nas proximidades de fábricas do Distrito Industrial de Manaus. As náiades coletadas no igarapé universidade (água limpa) foram levadas ao laboratório de entomologia, no INPA, onde foram expostas a água contaminada do igarapé do Quarenta , nas concentrações de 100%, 50% ,10% e um controle com 100% de água limpa. As C. anceps ficaram expostas a esses poluentes por seis dias. Com três e seis dias foram retiradas para a análise dos metais, no laboratório de química da água. Os teores desses nos mostraram que há uma absorção deste pelas náiades, pois quanto maior a concentração dos metais na água, maior será o valor encontrado nos organismos.Bioassay with nymph of Campylocia anceps Eaton, 1983 for evaluation of metals copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn).Abstract. In Manaus, the process of industrial and partner-economic development, as well as the lack of efficient programs of ambient control has made possible the occurrence of ambient impacts especially in narrow river urban. These impacts result in the degradation of the hidrics resources by means of deriving organic and inorganics pollutants of the activities developed in around of the basins hidrografics. It was objectified then to analyze texts of metals couper and zinc in nymphs of C. anceps. The study it was carried through in two narrow rivers in the Basin of the Educandos: the first one, was made the collection of C. anceps, is situated in the Federal University of Amazon and the collection of the contaminated water was made, narrow river of the Quarenta, is situated in the neighborhoods of plants of the Industrial District of Manaus. Nymphs collected in the narrow river university (clean water) had been taken to the entomology laboratory, in the INPA, where they had been displayed the water contaminated of the narrow river of the Quarenta, in the concentrations of 100%, 50%, 10% and a control with 100% of clean water. The nynfphs of C. anceps had been displayed to these pollutants per six days. With three and six days they had been removed for analyzes of metals, in the chemistry laboratory of the water. The texts of these in had shown them that it has an absorption of this for nymphs, therefore how much bigger the concentration of metals in the water, greater will be the value found in the organisms