Determinantes da taxa de juros no Brasil: uma comparação entre a política monetária do governo Lula e do governo Dilma

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Sócio-Econômico. Economia.A taxa de juros é um dos principais instrumentos de política monetária utilizado pelos Bancos Centrais e influencia grande parte dos agregados da economia, como o produto, o emprego e o nível geral de preços. Um ponto de intenso debate reside na questão dos níveis ótimos de juros de curto e de longo prazos que garantam, respectivamente, o equilíbrio da demanda por moeda e da demanda agregada. A função de reação do Banco Central proposta por Taylor em 1993, vem sendo utilizada pela maioria das autoridades monetárias das economias mundiais. Nela, Taylor relaciona a taxa de juros básica do Banco Central americano (Federal Reserve System, FED) seu instrumento de política, com a taxa de juros real de longo prazo, a taxa de inflação, e os hiatos da inflação e do produto real. A Função de Reação do Banco Central estimada para o período do Governo Lula, quando o presidente da instituição era Henrique Meirelles. Com um nível de significância de 95%, a variável explanatória Hiato da Inflação apresentou maior coeficiente de relacionamento com a variável dependente. Já no governo Dilma, a autoridade monetária visou o estimulo ao crédito e ao consumo, elegendo como meta o estimulo ao crescimento econômic

Concepções de professores e licenciandos em Biologia acerca do tema Biodiversidade

Education has a fundamental role in human formation and in behavioral changes that aim to reduce environmental problems. This article presents the conceptions that, Biology teachers and students, have about biodiversity, in a municipality in the southwest of Bahia. A qualitative approach was used by means of in-depth alteration guided by semi-structured questionnaires, through the discursive textual analysis. The results show that the investigated subjects have more than one conception regarding the biological diversity of species, ecosystems and genetics. These results also show the importance of this diversity for society, through examples of good practices in environmental education, with attempts to work the contents with the other disciplines. We suggest the need for a more reflective look at the performance of undergraduate courses around the theme of biodiversity. Keywords:  Biology Teaching. Biological Diversity. Environmental education.La educación tiene un papel fundamental en la formación humana y en los cambios de comportamiento que pueden podrían reducir tienen como objetivo reducir los problemas ambientales. Este artículo presenta las concepciones que tienen sobre la biodiversidad docentes y estudiantes de la carrera de Biología de un municipio del suroeste de Bahía. Utilizamos un enfoque cualitativo a través de entrevistas en profundidad guiadas por cuestionarios semiestructurados, analizados mediante un análisis textual discursivo. Los resultados muestran que los sujetos investigados tienen más de una concepción sobre la diversidad biológica de especies, los ecosistemas y la genética, y también muestran la importancia de esta diversidad para la sociedad, a través de ejemplos de buenas prácticas en educación ambiental, con intentos de trabajar los contenidos con las otras disciplinas. Sugerimos la necesidad de una mirada más reflexiva en el al desempeño de los cursos de pregrado en torno al tema de la biodiversidad. Palabras-clave:  Enseñanza de la Biología. Diversidad biológica. Educación ambiental.L'éducation a un rôle fondamental dans la formation humaine et dans les changements de comportement qui visent à réduire les problèmes environnementaux. Cet article présente les conceptions que les enseignants et les étudiants d'un cursus de biologie dans une municipalité du sud-ouest de Bahia ont sur la biodiversité. Nous utilisons une approche qualitative au moyen d'altérations en profondeur guidées par des questionnaires semi-structurés, suivies d'une analyse textuelle discursive. Les résultats montrent que les sujets étudiés ont plus d'une conception de la diversité biologique des espèces, des écosystèmes et de la génétique. Ces résultats montrent également l'importance de cette diversité pour la société, à travers des exemples de bonnes pratiques en éducation à l'environnement, avec des travaux de contenu avec d'autres disciplines. Nécessairement la nécessité d'un regard plus réfléchi par rapport à la performance des cours de premier cycle autour de la biodiversité thématique. Mots-clés: Enseignement de la biologie. Biodiversité. Éducation environnementale.    A educação possui papel fundamental na formação humana e nas mudanças comportamentais que visam reduzir problemas ambientais. Este artigo busca identificar as concepções e as distintas práticas pedagógicas acerca do ensino da biodiversidade sob a perspectiva de professores e concluintes do curso de licenciatura em Biologia, verificando a importância dessa temática no ambiente escolar, sua abordagem e a forma com que marcos legislativos documentais, como a Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB), são levados em consideração. Utilizamos uma abordagem qualitativa por meio de entrevistas em profundidade guiadas por questionários semiestruturados, analisados por meio da análise textual discursiva. Os resultados mostram que os sujeitos investigados possuem mais de uma concepção a respeito da diversidade biológica de espécies, ecossistemas e genética. Estes resultados também evidenciam a importância dessa diversidade para a sociedade, por meio de exemplos de boas práticas da educação ambiental, com tentativas de trabalhar os conteúdos com as demais disciplinas. Sugerimos a necessidade de um olhar mais reflexivo em relação à atuação dos cursos de licenciatura ao redor da temática biodiversidade. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Biologia. Diversidade Biológica. Educação Ambiental

Proposta para sistematização do processo de remanufatura de produtos rejeitados no centro de distribuição de uma empresa importadora de eletrodomésticos / Proposal for a systematization of the remanufacturing process of rejected products in the distribution center of an importer of home appliances

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para sistematização do processo de remanufatura dos produtos rejeitados no centro de distribuição de uma empresa importadora de eletrodomésticos. Para elaboração dessa proposta foram utilizados indicadores de devoluções e o mapeamento do processo de encaminhamento dos produtos rejeitados, mostrando a origem do problema até a etapa do descarte dos produtos. Inicialmente, foram definidas as famílias de produtos que seriam estudadas para o levantamento dos indicadores. Os indicadores direcionaram os valores para a aplicação da remanufatura,as tratativas e osmétodos que conduziram as etapas do desenvolvimento das atividades. Com base nas características dos motivos que originaram o rejeito dos eletrodomésticos e a estratificação da coleta de dados, foi elaborado uma proposta de atividades no intuito de organizar e orientar uma possível implementação de mudanças sugeridaspela área da empresa responsável pelo processo de remanufatura. Essa proposta apresentou como resultado a possibilidade de reaproveitamento dos produtos rejeitados, proporcionando um retorno financeiro significativo somado aos ganhos com a redução dos impactos ao meio ambiente. Junto com a proposta foi mencionado um resultado potencial que colabora com o atendimento do setor de pós-vendas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology

In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics