Retrieving curated Stack Overflow Posts of similar project tasks

Software development depends on diverse technologies and methods and as a result, software development teams often handle issues in which team members are not experts. In order to address this lack of expertise, developers typically search for information on web-based Q&A sites such as Stack Overflow, a well-known place to find solutions to specific technology-related problems. Access to these web-based Q&A locations is currently not integrated into the software development environment, and since the associations between software development projects and the supporting sources of known solutions, usually referred to as knowledge, is not explicitly recorded, software developers often need to search for solutions to similar recurring issues multiple times. This lack of integration hinders the reuse of the knowledge obtained, besides not avoiding efforts of search and selection, curation, of this knowledge over and over again. This research aims at proposing a study regarding explicitly associating project elements (such as project tasks) to Stack Overflow posts that have already been curated by developers, and presents a study about Stack Overflow posts suggestions to developers based on similarity of project tasks.O desenvolvimento de software depende de diversas tecnologias e métodos e, como resultado, as equipes de desenvolvimento de software geralmente lidam com problemas em que não são especialistas. Para lidar com a falta de conhecimento, desenvolvedores normalmente procuram informações em sites de perguntas e respostas, como o Stack Overflow, um site usado para encontrar soluções para problemas específicos relacionados à tecnologia. O acesso a esses sites não é integrado ao ambiente de desenvolvimento de software e porque as associações entre os projetos de desenvolvimento de software e as fontes de suporte de soluções conhecidas não são explicitamente registradas. Com isso, desenvolvedores de software podem investir um esforço em procurar soluções para problemas semelhantes várias vezes. Essa falta de integração dificulta o reuso do conhecimento obtido, além de não evitar esforços de busca e seleção, a curadoria, repetidas vezes. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a associação explicita entre elementos do projeto (como tarefas de projeto) a publicações do Stack Overflow que já sofreram curadoria por desenvolvedores, e apresenta um estudo sobre sugestões de publicações do Stack Overflow a desenvolvedores com base na similaridade de tarefas de projeto

FATORES ENVOLVIDOS NA ADESÃO AO TRATAMENTO ANTIRETROVIRAL UTILIZADOS PELOS PACIENTES ATENDIDOS PELO SERVIÇO DE ATENDIMENTO ESPECIALIZADO DE DOURADOS

O tratamento antirretroviral (TARV) tem sido instituído ao longo dos últimos anos visando reduzir a replicação viral de tal forma que aumentasse a sobrevida do paciente infectado. Nos últimos anos, o TARV tem sido também aplicado como estratégia de redução da carga viral desde o diagnóstico visando diminuir as transmissões pela redução da carga viral no paciente infectado. Considerando que nem todos os pacientes entendem a importância dessa etapa e o reflexo da descontinuidade dentro do processo de evolução da infecção pelo HIV em seu organismo, a presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a adesão ao tratamento de pacientes atendidos pelo serviço de assistência especializado (SAE). A pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de campo descritivo, realizada com pacientes atendidos pelo atendimento especializado de Dourados. Os dados obtidos dos pacientes atendidos na cidade de Dourados mostram que a adesão ao tratamento antiretroviral foi satisfatória e pode estar relacionado como alto índice de escolaridade, que garante a pessoa uma boa compreensão. Além dos esquemas mais utilizados serem aqueles indicados pelo protocolo, com menores doses diárias, baixos efeitos colaterais e serem disponibilizados na rede pública, porém, as pessoas mais jovens são as que mais possuem meios de informações simples, mas são o perfil que mais cresce

Uso da metodologia ativa nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem / Use of active methodology in nursing graduation courses

Objetivo: Descrever a aplicabilidade da metodologia ativa nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem para a obtenção das habilidades e competências necessárias ao profissional enfermeiro em conformidade com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCNs). METODOLOGIA:Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura composta de artigos publicados na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e disponíveis em texto completo nas bases de dados: LILACS, Medline e BDENF,  no período entre 2010-2016. RESULTADOS: Os dados foram organizados em tabelas, quadros sinópticos, figuras e posteriormente categorizados. Foram incluídos quinze artigos no presente estudo. Emergiram as seguintes categorias: Novas descobertas e desafios do processo ensino-aprendizagem nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem; e Estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo evidenciou dificuldades em relação aos métodos ativos de ensino/aprendizagem na formação do enfermeiro, as instituições de ensino e os próprios docentes tem que pensar, e repensar na construção de novas viabilidades de ações que modificam a maneira de atuação para o alcance do sucesso no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

PERFIL DEL CLIENTE ATENDIDO POR EL ENFERMERO EN LA ESTRATEGIA ACOGIMIENTO MADRE BEBÉ

This quantitative study of the descriptive-exploratory type aimed to identify socio-demographic and healthcharacteristics of mothers and babies attended by nurses in the Mother-and-Baby Embracement Strategy in a primary healthcare unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The data was collected from 26 hospital records which had the Guide for Motherand-Baby Embracement Consultation Activities protocol, in 2011. The data was analyzed using the Epi-infor 3.5.2 software.The results show that 61.3% of the women were in the age range 20 to 30 years old; 46.2% had had a normal birth; 7.7%had changes in the surgical scar and 11.5% had changes in their breasts. In relation to the new-borns, 50% were between 2and 7 days old; the majority (96.2%) were being exclusively breast-fed, and 23.1% presented jaundice. It is concluded thatknowledge of the profile of the clientele attended in the Mother-and-Baby Embracement, by the nurse, constitutes importantsupport for carrying out health promotion measures which aim to reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality.Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo do tipo descritivo-exploratório que objetivou identificar características sociodemográficas e de saúde de mães e bebês atendidos pelo enfermeiro na Estratégia Acolhimento Mãe-Bebê, em uma unidade básica de saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados em 26 prontuários que possuíam o protocolo Roteiro de Atividades da Consulta do Acolhimento Mãe-Bebê, em 2011. A análise dados foi feita com o uso do software Epi-Info 3.5.2. Os resultados mostram que 61,3% das mulheres estavam na faixa etária entre 20 a 30 anos; 46,2% haviam realizado parto normal; 7,7% apresentavam alteração na cicatriz cirúrgica e 11,5% alteração nas mamas. Com relação aos recém-nascidos, 50% possuíam de 2 a 7 dias de vida; a maioria (96,2%) encontrava-se em aleitamento materno exclusivo e 23,1% apresentavam icterícia. Conclui-se que o conhecimento do perfil da clientela atendida no Acolhimento Mãe-Bebê, pelo enfermeiro, constitui importante subsídio para o desenvolvimento de medidas de promoção à saúde que visem redução da morbidade e da mortalidade materno-infantil.Este es un estudio cuantitativo del tipo descriptivo exploratorio que tuvo el objetivo de identificarcaracterísticas sociodemográficas y de salud de madres y bebés atendidos por el enfermero en la Estrategia AcogimientoMadre Bebé, en una unidad básica de salud del Municipio de Rio de Janeiro. Los datos fueron obtenidos en 26 prontuariosque poseían el protocolo Guion de Actividades de la Consulta del Acogimiento Madre Bebé, en 2011. El análisis de datosfue hecho con el uso del software Epi-Info 3.5.2. Los resultados muestran que 61,3% de las mujeres estaban en la franjaetaria entre 20 y 30 años; 46,2% habían realizado parto normal; 7,7% presentaban alteración en la cicatriz quirúrgica y11,5% alteración en las mamas. Acerca de los recién nacidos, 50% poseían de 2 a 7 días de vida; la mayoría (96,2%) estabaen amamantamiento materno exclusivo y 23,1% presentaban ictericia. Se concluye que el conocimiento del perfil de laclientela atendida en el Acogimiento Madre Bebé, por el enfermero constituye importante subsidio para el desarrollo demedidas de promoción a la salud para la reducción de la mortalidad materno infantil

PROMOÇÃO DE QUALIDADE DE VIDA E SUSTENTABILIDADE

The promotion of quality of life and sustainability is an interdisciplinary theme of great contemporary relevance. It focuses on finding approaches that balance human well-being with preserving natural resources and the health of the planet. This theme covers a variety of areas, from public health and urban development to environmental conservation and economic policy. The objective of this study is to investigate strategies and practices that seek to improve people's quality of life in a sustainable way. This study is a bibliographic review, in which a multidisciplinary approach was adopted that integrated qualitative and quantitative analyses. Data collection covered the investigation of specialized literature, relevant case studies and an in-depth analysis of socio-environmental indicators. The results demonstrated that the promotion of quality of life and sustainability requires an integrated approach. Successful initiatives include the implementation of efficient public transport policies, the creation of urban green spaces, the adoption of renewable energies and education for environmental awareness. Public awareness and cross-sectoral collaboration also emerged as critical factors in achieving positive outcomes. Promoting quality of life and sustainability is not just a necessity, but an imperative to ensure a livable future for future generations. The integrated approach, combined with the participation of society and government engagement, can result in an effective balance between human well-being and preservation of the environment. By prioritizing sustainability in all spheres of life, we can aspire to a future where prosperity and care for the planet go hand in hand.A promoção da qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade é um tema interdisciplinar de grande relevância contemporânea. Ele se concentra em encontrar abordagens que equilibrem o bem-estar humano com a preservação dos recursos naturais e a saúde do planeta. Este tema abrange uma variedade de áreas, desde saúde pública e desenvolvimento urbano à conservação ambiental e políticas econômicas. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar estratégias e práticas que buscam melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas de forma sustentável. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, em que foi adotada uma abordagem multidisciplinar que integrou análises qualitativas e quantitativas. A coleta de dados abrangeu a investigação de literatura especializada, estudos de caso relevantes e uma análise aprofundada de indicadores socioambientais. Os resultados demonstraram que a promoção da qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade requer uma abordagem integrada. Iniciativas bem-sucedidas incluem a implementação de políticas de transporte público eficiente, a criação de espaços verdes urbanos, a adoção de energias renováveis e a educação para a conscientização ambiental. A conscientização da população e a colaboração entre setores também emergiram como fatores críticos para alcançar resultados positivos. A promoção da qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade não é apenas uma necessidade, mas um imperativo para garantir um futuro habitável para as gerações vindouras. A abordagem integrada, aliada à participação da sociedade e ao engajamento governamental, pode resultar em um equilíbrio eficaz entre o bem-estar humano e a preservação do meio ambiente. Ao priorizar a sustentabilidade em todas as esferas da vida, podemos aspirar a um futuro em que prosperidade e cuidado com o planeta caminhem lado a lado

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Interação de bactérias fluorescentes do gênero Pseudomonas e de Bacillus spp. com a rizosfera de diferentes plantas

Embora haja muitos trabalhos na literatura com rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas (RPCPs), existem poucos que expliquem seu mecanismo de ação. É possível que algumas rizosferas favoreçam a colonização radicular por RPCPs, facilitando o estabelecimento da interação planta-bactéria, como se houvesse certa especificidade entre ambas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a rizosfera de alface, em comparação com a de outras espécies vegetais, favorece o estabelecimento de bactérias fluorescentes do gênero Pseudomonas, em comparação com as do gênero Bacillus. Coletaram-se amostras do sistema radicular de alface, rúcula, chicória, salsa e tiririca em oito propriedades de produtores comerciais de hortaliças, na região de Campinas, SP. Foi feita a contagem de Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes e de Bacillus spp. por diluição em série e plaqueamento. De maneira geral, observou-se maior crescimento de Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes na rizosfera de alface-crespa em relação à de outras plantas, mas isso não ocorreu com Bacillus spp