The Complexity of Helly-B1B_{1} EPG Graph Recognition

Golumbic, Lipshteyn, and Stern defined in 2009 the class of EPG graphs, the intersection graph class of edge paths on a grid. An EPG graph $G$ is a graph that admits a representation where its vertices correspond to paths in a grid $Q$, such that two vertices of $G$ are adjacent if and only if their corresponding paths in $Q$ have a common edge. If the paths in the representation have at most $k$ bends, we say that it is a $B_k$-EPG representation. A collection $C$ of sets satisfies the Helly property when every sub-collection of $C$ that is pairwise intersecting has at least one common element. In this paper, we show that given a graph $G$ and an integer $k$, the problem of determining whether $G$ admits a $B_k$-EPG representation whose edge-intersections of paths satisfy the Helly property, so-called Helly-$B_k$-EPG representation, is in NP, for every $k$ bounded by a polynomial function of $|V(G)|$. Moreover, we show that the problem of recognizing Helly-$B_1$-EPG graphs is NP-complete, and it remains NP-complete even when restricted to 2-apex and 3-degenerate graphs

In vitro rearing of stingless bee queens and their acceptance rate into colonies

International audienceAbstractThe in vitro rearing of queen bees can improve the management and conservation of pollinator insects. Here, we have developed an in vitro queen-rearing protocol for Plebeia droryana (Apidae, Meliponini). Firstly, we evaluated the amount of food offered naturally to P. droryana queen larvae. After, we grafted P. droryana larvae onto acrylic plates which were kept in constant darkness at 25 °C and different relative humidity along larval development. We also compared intertegular distance of P. droryana queens reared in vitro and naturally. We then tested whether queens reared in vitro would be accepted into new colonies with older and/ or callow workers. We found that P. droryana larvae developed into queens if fed with 66 μL of larval food. The survival rate of P. droryana queens was > 75 %. The queens reared in vitro are similar in size to naturally produced ones. Finally, colonies only containing callow workers are more likely to accept queens reared in vitro. This queen-rearing technique may improve beekeeping practices in the Neotropical Region

THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN BRAZIL AND THE INTERNET PRIVACY RIGHTS IN REGULATING PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION

The Brazilian Constitution, Article 5, paragraph X, ensure the inviolability of privacy, intimacy and honour as a fundamental right. The Brazilian Internet Bill of Rights, called ‘Marco Civil da Internet’, instituted in Brazil diversity of principles and parameters for regulation of internet in the country. The existence of the gap in the Brazilian legal system, around laws and infrastructure for the effective guarantee to the right to data protection on the Internet, as identified in other countries, coupled with the absence of specific conceptual precision to privacy on the internet, justifies the adoption in this research, the innovative concept of ‘Internet Privacy Rights’, based on Bernal (2014), composed of four rights-based: a right to roam the internet with privacy; a right to monitor those who monitor us; a right to delete personal data; a right to an online identity. This research has the overall objective to propose a conceptual incorporation, explicit and expressed, of Internet Privacy Rights as one of the pillars to ensure greater extent on the effectiveness of the fundamental right to privacy, particularly in Brazilian process of creation of laws, related to the protection of personal data on the internet. This research uses the methods of comparative and historical procedure in order to establish relationships and analysis within the historicity linked to aspects of the internet and Law, the evolution of fundamental rights to the effective recognition of privacy as a right. The research uses the hypothetical-deductive method of approach, with theoretical evidence, ranging from general aspects to the most specific, building the theoretical framework that allowed and confirm or refute the preliminary hypotheses and presented as the problem solving possibilities. The type of developed research was qualitative and exploratory nature, associated with the technical of review and literature analysis, covering the query varied references, allowed the construction of the results presented in the research, particularly the proposed conceptual incorporation. The study concludes that the express reception of Internet Privacy Rights by the laws that deal and also will address related topics in Brazil, especially those which regulate or will regulate the protection of personal data in the country, allows the recovery of the core of the fundamental right to privacy that, according to the theories presented in this research, only the protection of private life, honour, intimacy and image are considered. The research embodies a theoretical and conceptual construction to support the premise that the Internet Privacy Rights are included in the core of the fundamental right to privacy, which is why they deserve the explicit and express incorporation into legal rules, that in one imminent way, will regulate, in the context of the Internet, the fundamental right to privacy and protection of personal data in Brazil

Conservation of pcjibaye heart-of-Palm in modified atmosphere

The market for pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) heart-of-palm is expanding rapidly in Brazil and is starting to differentiate into various market niches, including a fresh product niche. Conservation of ready-to-use, minimally processed fresh heart is difficult and requires research on refrigeration and modified atmosphere to enhance shelf-life. The sensory characteristics of fresh heart-of-palm were evaluated during its storage in polyethylene bags under refrigeration with and without an oxygen absorber. Texture, crispness, fiber, humidity, astringency and acridity remained acceptable until the end of the trial at 25 days, although each was extremely variable from day to day, probably due to within-package genotype variation. Color, appearance, sweetness and sourness remained acceptable for 14 days and deteriorated from the 18th day on. Sourness increased significantly (p = 0.02) in the treatment with reduced oxygen, especially after the 18th day and was the most objectionable characteristic. The use of oxygen absorbent did not significantly improve the shelf-life of fresh heart-of-palm, although the use of polyethylene may have reduced the efficiency of the absorbent.O mercado do palmito de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) está expandindo rapidamente no Brasil e diferenciando-se com a inclusão do palmito fresco ou minimamente processado. Devido sua alta perecibilidade, a conservação desse palmito fresco é difícil e requer estudos de conservação em refrigeração aliada à atmosfera modificada. As qualidades sensoriais do palmito fresco foram avaliadas ao longo de sua conservação sob refrigeração, em sacos de polietileno, com e sem absorvente de oxigênio. A textura, crispidez, fibrosidade, umidade, adstringência e irritação permaneceram aceitáveis até os 25 dias, embora altamente variáveis de um dia para o outro, provavelmente devido à variação entre os genótipos em cada embalagem. A cor, aparência, doçura e amargor permaneceram aceitáveis até 14 dias e deterioraram a partir do 18º dia. O amargor aumentou significativamente (p = 0,02) no tratamento com absorvente de oxigênio, especialmente a partir do 18º dia, sendo a principal característica responsável pela rejeição do palmito. O uso do absorvente de oxigênio não aumentou significativamente a vida de prateleira do palmito fresco, embora o polietileno usado possa ter reduzido a eficácia do absorvente

DIFICULDADES ENFRENTADAS PELOS PROFESSORES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA DAS ESCOLAS PÚBLICAS ESTADUAIS DE UM MUNÍCIPIO AO NORTE DO BRASIL

A qualidade do ensino nas aulas de educação física se dá pelas condições de trabalho adequadas e a valorização da disciplina e do professor. Quando se trata de educação é sempre um assunto que envolve concepções e valores. Os professores de Educação física são notoriamente vistos como segundo escalão de profissionais da área da educação. A disciplina tem amparo legal para ser trabalhada na escola, porém o ambiente escolar, na prática, sugere que é irrelevante no ambiente educacional, pois não se dá o devido valor e reconhecimento, mas é inquestionável sua parcela de contribuição para o desenvolvimento dos alunos. Este estudo teve como objetivo expor quais os fatores que dificultam o trabalho dos professores de educação física nas escolas públicas estaduais, diagnosticar qual a maior dificuldade enfrentada pelos mesmos e o sentimento dos professores perante tais dificuldades. A amostra foi composta por 30 professores atuantes na rede estadual de ensino. Para diagnosticar as dificuldades encontradas pelos professores de educação física, foirealizada uma entrevista através de um questionário composto de três questões fechadas e uma aberta. Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativaatravés de estatística e por representação gráfica. Este estudo mostrou que os fatores que dificultam o trabalho dos professores de educação física são: desvalorização profissional, indisciplina dos alunos, falta de materiais, infraestruturainadequada, má remuneração, formação continuada e limitações na formação acadêmica sendo a indisciplina dos alunos apontada pelos professores como a maior dificuldade enfrentada e os professores sentem-se desvalorizados perante tais dificuldades. Este dado sugere aos futuros profissionais da docência em Educação Físicaque devem buscar alternativas e estratégias que auxiliem a superar as dificuldades de indisciplina na atuação profissional

Production of green surfactants: Market prospects

Science has greatly contributed to the advancement of technology and to the innovation of production processes and their applications. Cleaning products have become indispensable in today\u2019s world, as personal and environmental hygiene is important to all societies worldwide. Such products are used in the home, in most work environments and in the industrial sectors. Most of the detergents on the market are synthesised from petrochemical products. However, the interest in reducing the use of products harmful to human health and the environment has led to the search for detergents formulated with natural, biodegradable surfactant components of biological (plant or microbiological) origin or chemically synthesised from natural raw materials usually referred to as green surfactants. This review addresses the different types, properties, and uses of surfactants, with a focus on green surfactants, and describes the current scenario as well as the projections for the future market economy related to the production of the different types of green surfactants marketed in the world

Ant Community Evolution According to Aging in Brazilian Cocoa Tree Plantations

Agriculture is frequently held accountable for the depletion of biotic diversity, although a few agroforestry systems support the conservation of a number of organisms. Cocoa farming is noteworthy as an example of an agricultural activity that benefits or maintains species richness. However, the mechanism by which the biodiversity persists throughout the entire process of plant development remains obscure. In Southeastern Bahia, Brazil, cacao tree plantations support the conservation of a large amount of organisms native to the Atlantic Forest, between them the ants. This study aims at recording the relationship between cocoa tree development and ant community structure. The experiment was carried out in a series of six cocoa tree plantations aged one, three, four, eight, fifteen and 33 years, distributed across the experimental grounds of the Cocoa Research Center at Ilhéus. 1,500 ant samples were collected using the sampling techniques: hand collection, honey and sardine baits, entomological blanket and “pitfall”. Highest values for diversity and richness were reported in the 15-years-old cocoa plantation. No significant correlations between diversity, richness or plant age were reported. Considering the faunistic composition, a statistical similarity was observed between the plantations close in age to one another. Plant aging did not exert any influence on the diversity gradient and richness in the succession process of the ant community. In young plantations, there are low differences between the ants found on the ground and the ones found on the young cocoa trees. In older plantations, the ant community divides in two distinct assemblages on the ground and on the trees. The variations observed in the ant community along the plant development were likely caused by the structural organization of the dominant species mosaic

Use of drones (Apis mellifera L.) in the detection of adulterated beeswax

This research evaluated the ability of Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) drones to detect adulterated beeswax using the proboscis extension reflex (PER). Two hundred and forty drones were divided into 12 groups containing different levels of adulterated beeswax (100% beeswax, 90% beeswax..., 10% beeswax, 0% beeswax). An air stimulus was included as a control for the possible influence of the air flux per se. The animals were maintained in metal tubes, harnessed with Ducktape® between the head and thorax. The results of the drones performance in PER olfactive conditioning indicate that these animals are able to detect different levels of adulterated beeswax. The drones shown a better response to the treatment containing 100% of beeswax. This bioassay can serve as an alternative tool in the screening of beeswax in beekeeping and industry.Esta pesquisa avaliou a habilidade de zangões da abelha africanizada (Apis mellifera L.) em detectar cera de abelha adulterada usando o reflexo da extensão da probóscide (PER). Duzentos e quarenta zangões foram divididos em 12 grupos contendo níveis diferentes de cera de abelha adulterada (100% cera de abelha, 90% cera de abelha, 10% cera de abelha, 0% cera de abelha). Um estímulo de ar foi incluído como testemunha devido à possível influência do fluxo de ar per se. Os animais foram mantidos em tubos de metal, acondicionados com fita adesiva Ducktape® entre a cabeça e o tórax. Os resultados da performance dos zangões no condicionamento olfativo do PER indicam que esses animais são capazes de detectar níveis diferentes de cera de abelha adulterada. Os zangões mostraram melhor resposta ao tratamento contendo 100% de cera de abelha. Esse bioensaio pode servir de ferramenta alternativa na seleção de lotes de cera de abelha na apicultura e indústria