Efficient C(sp³)−H Carbonylation of Light and Heavy Hydrocarbons with Carbon Monoxide via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalysis in Flow

Despite their abundance in organic molecules, considerable limitations still exist in synthetic methods that target the direct C−H functionalization at sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. This is even more the case for light alkanes, which bear some of the strongest C−H bonds known in Nature, requiring extreme activation conditions that are not tolerant to most organic molecules. To bypass these issues, synthetic chemists rely on prefunctionalized alkyl halides or organometallic coupling partners. However, new synthetic methods that target regioselectively C−H bonds in a variety of different organic scaffolds would be of great added value, not only for the late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules but also for the catalytic upgrading of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. Here, we describe a general, mild and scalable protocol which enables the direct C(sp3)−H carbonylation of saturated hydrocarbons, including natural products and light alkanes, using photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). Flow technology was deemed crucial to enable high gas-liquid mass transfer rates and fast reaction kinetics, needed to outpace deleterious reaction pathways, but also to leverage a scalable and safe process.</p

Estudio exploratorio de las Preferencias de Metodología de Enseñanza de las Ciencias en Estudiantes de Secundaria: El caso de un Centro de Educación Secundaria

This study aims to carry out an initial approach to the secondary education students' preferences regarding science teaching methods. The study also analyses the influence of academic level and gender on these preferences. Two hundred and forty spanish secondary education students (112 women and 128 men) at different educational levels (but they are all from the same high school) have participated in this research. All of them have been administered a multiple choice test of 6 items each with four options. In these items each option offers a way of teaching. The statistical analysis of the results obtained allow us to conclude that: a) Students show a significant predilection for student-centered teaching methods; and b) Academic level has a significant effect on teaching method preferences among students, but gender does not

ZnO growth by MOCVD: numerical study

EnIII&#8722;V compound device fabrication is facing today challenging issues typically related to high volume manufacturing such as process reliability, process consistency, cost&#8722;reduction. Each step of the overall device manufacturing process must be carefully analysed and replicated to obtain reproducible device structures. Purifiers are commonly used in MOVPE processes and are becoming standard equipment in both research and production environments. In most cases implementation of gas purification strategies is enabling to achieve ultimate product purity and process reproducibility by defect and contamination control. In addition, an appropriate gas purification strategy is effective in high value component/chemicals protection (e.g. high purity MO sources), and as an assurance against line contamination due to human error or component failure. Purifier operating conditions can vary noticeably and a knowledge of which parameters can affect ultimate gas purity should be of interest to MOVPE operators to master gas distribution line contamination issues. Expertise on such parameters and their effect is essential to obtain a reliable product and sub&#8722;ppb contamination control throughout the purifier's lifetime and not only in spot demonstrations

Dual role of benzophenone enables a fast and scalable C-4 selective alkylation of pyridines in flow

The efficient C-4 selective modification of pyridines is a major challenge for the synthetic community. Current strategies are plagued with at least one drawback regarding functional group-tolerant electronic activation of the heteroarene, mild generation of the required alkyl radicals, regioselectivity, safety and/or scalability. Herein, we describe a fast, safe and scalable flow process which allows preparation of said C-4 alkylated pyridines. The process involves a photochemical hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event to generate the carbon-centered radicals needed to alkylate the C-2 blocked pyridine. In a two-step streamlined flow process, this light-mediated alkylation step is combined with a nearly instantaneous inline removal of the blocking group. Notably, cheap benzophenone plays a dual role in the pyridine alkylation mechanism by activating the hydrocarbon feedstock reagents via a HAT mechanism, and by acting as a benign, terminal oxidant. The key role of benzophenone in the operative reaction mechanism has also been revealed through a combination of experimental and computational studies

Cambios geomorfológicos y evolución de una barra de arena en la desembocadura del río Lea, Lekeitio-Mendexa (Bizkaia)

Se presenta el seguimiento anual de los cambios morfológicos de una barra de arena en la playa de Karraspio (Mendexa, Bizkaia) formada como consecuencia de la rotura del dique construido en el siglo XIX para proteger el puerto de Lekeitio de los continuos aportes sedimentarios transportados por el río Lea. El intenso oleaje y los temporales rompieron el malecón de Lazunarri, permitiendo al río retomar su antigua desembocadura. Mediante el empleo en 2011 de un láser escáner terrestre (TLS) se han analizado desde entonces los cambios morfológicos experimentados por la barra de arena durante los últimos años. El seguimiento se realizó durante cuatro campañas entre octubre de 2012 y octubre de 2014; durante la primavera y verano de 2015 los trabajos de restauración de este malecón implicaron el retorno a las condiciones previas a la rotura.The monitoring of the morphological changes of a sand bar in the beach Karraspio (Lekeitio, Biscay) is presented. The annual coastal dynamics and the sand deposition were affected by several coastal storms given in 2011 that broke the Lazunarri dike in several parts. The dike were constructed in the 19th century to protect the sea port from the Lea River's sediment deposition and modified the estuary forcing the river to flow into the eastern side of the San Nicolas island. A Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) was used to register the morphological response of a sand bar to the changes in the river mouth and coastal dynamics. The monitoring was conducted in four fieldwork campaigns in October 2012, June 2013, October 2013 and October 2014. The preliminary results showed the migration sand-bar axis to the east and the erosion of the area close to the dike

Bandgap and effective mass of epitaxial cadmium oxide

The bandgap and band-edge effective mass of single crystal cadmium oxide, epitaxially grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy, are determined from infrared reflectivity, ultraviolet/visible absorption, and Hall effect measurements. Analysis and simulation of the optical data, including effects of band nonparabolicity, Moss-Burstein band filling and bandgap renormalization, reveal room temperature bandgap and band-edge effective mass values of 2.16±0.02 eV and 0.21±0.01m0 respectively

Cambios geomorfológicos y evolución de una barra de arena en la desembocadura del río Lea, Lekeitio-Mendexa (Bizkaia)

Se presenta el seguimiento anual de los cambios morfológicos de una barra de arena en la playa de Karraspio (Mendexa, Bizkaia) formada como consecuencia de la rotura del dique construido en el siglo XIX para proteger el puerto de Lekeitio de los continuos aportes sedimentarios transportados por el río Lea. El intenso oleaje y los temporales rompieron el malecón de Lazunarri, permitiendo al río retomar su antigua desembocadura. Mediante el empleo en 2011 de un láser escáner terrestre (TLS) se han analizado desde entonces los cambios morfológicos experimentados por la barra de arena durante los últimos años. El seguimiento se realizó durante cuatro campañas entre octubre de 2012 y octubre de 2014; durante la primavera y verano de 2015 los trabajos de restauración de este malecón implicaron el retorno a las condiciones previas a la rotura.The monitoring of the morphological changes of a sand bar in the beach Karraspio (Lekeitio, Biscay) is presented. The annual coastal dynamics and the sand deposition were affected by several coastal storms given in 2011 that broke the Lazunarri dike in several parts. The dike were constructed in the 19th century to protect the sea port from the Lea River's sediment deposition and modified the estuary forcing the river to flow into the eastern side of the San Nicolas island. A Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) was used to register the morphological response of a sand bar to the changes in the river mouth and coastal dynamics. The monitoring was conducted in four fieldwork campaigns in October 2012, June 2013, October 2013 and October 2014. The preliminary results showed the migration sand-bar axis to the east and the erosion of the area close to the dike

Movimiento superficial del glaciar rocoso de las Argualas

At present the Argualas rock glacier is active and it flows to a surface axial mean velocity of 22,3 cm/year. The flow velocities have been determinated by surveying techniques made between 1991 and 1994. This technic complements the geomorphological observations and deepens in the knov\/ledge of the glacier surface dynamics.El glaciar rocoso de las Argualas es activo en la actualidad y fluye a una velocidad media axial en superficie de 22.3 cm/año. El flujo se ha determinado median te las técnicas de auscultación topográfica realizadas entre los años 1991 y 1994. Esta técnica ha permitido complementar el análisis geomorfológico, profundizado en el estudio de la dinámica superficial del glaciar