Interference effects and Stark broadening in XUV intrashell transitions in aluminum under conditions of intense XUV free-electron-laser irradiation

International audienceQuantum mechanical interference effects in the line broadening of intrashell transitions are investigated for dense plasma conditions. Simulations that involved LS J -split level structure and intermediate coupling discovered unexpected strong line narrowing for intrashell transitions L-L while M-L transitions remained practically unaffected by interference effects. This behavior allows a robust study of line narrowing in dense plasmas. Simulations are carried out for XUV transitions of aluminum that have recently been observed in experiments with the FLASH free-electron laser in Hamburg irradiating solid aluminum samples with intensities greater than 10^16 W/cm^2 . We explore the advantageous case of Al that allows, first, simultaneous observation of M-L transitions and L-L intrashell transitions with high-resolution grating spectrometers and, second, has a convenient threshold to study interference effects at densities much below solid. Finally, we present simulations at near solid density where the line emission transforms into a quasi-continuum

Improved X-ray detection and particle identification with avalanche photodiodes

Avalanche photodiodes are commonly used as detectors for low energy x-rays. In this work we report on a fitting technique used to account for different detector responses resulting from photo absorption in the various APD layers. The use of this technique results in an improvement of the energy resolution at 8.2 keV by up to a factor of 2, and corrects the timing information by up to 25 ns to account for space dependent electron drift time. In addition, this waveform analysis is used for particle identification, e.g. to distinguish between x-rays and MeV electrons in our experiment.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis versus bacteremia strains: Subtle genetic differences at stake

AbstractInfective endocarditis (IE)(1) is a severe condition complicating 10–25% of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Although host-related IE risk factors have been identified, the involvement of bacterial features in IE complication is still unclear. We characterized strictly defined IE and bacteremia isolates and searched for discriminant features. S. aureus isolates causing community-acquired, definite native-valve IE (n=72) and bacteremia (n=54) were collected prospectively as part of a French multicenter cohort. Phenotypic traits previously reported or hypothesized to be involved in staphylococcal IE pathogenesis were tested. In parallel, the genotypic profiles of all isolates, obtained by microarray, were analyzed by discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC)(2). No significant difference was observed between IE and bacteremia strains, regarding either phenotypic or genotypic univariate analyses. However, the multivariate statistical tool DAPC, applied on microarray data, segregated IE and bacteremia isolates: IE isolates were correctly reassigned as such in 80.6% of the cases (C-statistic 0.83, P<0.001). The performance of this model was confirmed with an independent French collection IE and bacteremia isolates (78.8% reassignment, C-statistic 0.65, P<0.01). Finally, a simple linear discriminant function based on a subset of 8 genetic markers retained valuable performance both in study collection (86.1%, P<0.001) and in the independent validation collection (81.8%, P<0.01). We here show that community-acquired IE and bacteremia S. aureus isolates are genetically distinct based on subtle combinations of genetic markers. This finding provides the proof of concept that bacterial characteristics may contribute to the occurrence of IE in patients with S. aureus bacteremia

Spectroscopie haute précision de la transition 1S-3S de l'atome d'hydrogène en vue d'une détermination du rayon du proton

The uncertainty of the Quantum Electrodynamics calculations for hydrogen atom is currently limited by the knowledge of the Rydberg constant and the proton charge radius. Those two quantities can be extracted from the comparison between the theoretical predictions and two different frequency measurements on hydrogen.The 1S-2S transition frequency is one measured with the highest resolution with a relative uncertainty of 10-15. The aim of this thesis is to improve the determination of the 1S-3S transition, which can be used as the second precise measurement. The 1S-3S two-photon transition is excited at 205 nm. This UV light beam is generated by frequency mixing in a non-linear crystal. An 894 nm light delivered by a Ti:Sa laser is mixed with a 266 nm light beam generated by a quadrupled Nd:YVO4 laser. A reliable 15 mW continuous radiation at 205 nm is then produced. The frequencies of both lasers are measured simultaneously using an optical frequency comb referenced to a cesium clock. To evaluate the second-order Doppler effect, the velocity distribution of the atomic beam is determined thanks to a motional Stark effect. This effect is realized with a static magnetic field which induces a velocity-dependent quadratic frequency shift. Finally, the frequency of the 1S-3S transition is determined with a relative uncertainty of 10-12 which is accurate enough to contribute to the “proton size puzzle”. However, depending on the velocity distribution used in the analysis, the obtained value agrees or not with the present recommended CODATA value.La précision des calculs théoriques d'électrodynamique quantique dans l'atome d'hydrogène est actuellement limitée par la constante de Rydberg et la distribution de charge du proton. La comparaison entre ces calculs et les mesures expérimentales de deux fréquences de transition dans l'hydrogène permet d'extraire ces deux constantes. La mesure de la transition 1S-2S est la plus précise à ce jour avec une incertitude relative de 10-15. L'objectif de mon travail de recherche est d'améliorer la précision de mesure de la fréquence de la transition 1S-3S, pouvant être utilisée comme la deuxième mesure nécessaire.La transition 1S-3S est sondée par une excitation à deux photons à 205 nm, permettant de s'affranchir de l'effet Doppler du 1er ordre. Ce faisceau UV est produit par somme de fréquence dans un cristal non linéaire. L'onde lumineuse délivrée par un laser Titane-saphir à 894 nm est sommée avec un faisceau à 266 nm produit par doublage d'un laser Nd-YO4. Cette somme de fréquence délivre un faisceau continu à 205 nm d'une puissance de 15 mWLa distribution de vitesse du jet atomique, dont la connaissance est indispensable pour évaluer l'effet Doppler du 2ème ordre, est déterminée grâce à l'effet Stark motionnel où l'action d'un champ magnétique produit un décalage en fréquence quadratique en vitesse.Les fréquences des deux lasers sources sont mesurées à l'aide un peigne de fréquence optique.La fréquence de la transition 1S-3S est finalement déterminée avec une incertitude relative de 10-12. Sa valeur conduit à une valeur préliminaire du rayon du proton qui serait en contradiction avec celle préconisée par le CODATA

High precision spectroscopy of the 1S-3S transition of hydrogen to determine the proton radius

La précision des calculs théoriques d'électrodynamique quantique dans l'atome d'hydrogène est actuellement limitée par la constante de Rydberg et la distribution de charge du proton. La comparaison entre ces calculs et les mesures expérimentales de deux fréquences de transition dans l'hydrogène permet d'extraire ces deux constantes. La mesure de la transition 1S-2S est la plus précise à ce jour avec une incertitude relative de 10-15. L'objectif de mon travail de recherche est d'améliorer la précision de mesure de la fréquence de la transition 1S-3S, pouvant être utilisée comme la deuxième mesure nécessaire.La transition 1S-3S est sondée par une excitation à deux photons à 205 nm, permettant de s'affranchir de l'effet Doppler du 1er ordre. Ce faisceau UV est produit par somme de fréquence dans un cristal non linéaire. L'onde lumineuse délivrée par un laser Titane-saphir à 894 nm est sommée avec un faisceau à 266 nm produit par doublage d'un laser Nd-YO4. Cette somme de fréquence délivre un faisceau continu à 205 nm d'une puissance de 15 mWLa distribution de vitesse du jet atomique, dont la connaissance est indispensable pour évaluer l'effet Doppler du 2ème ordre, est déterminée grâce à l'effet Stark motionnel où l'action d'un champ magnétique produit un décalage en fréquence quadratique en vitesse.Les fréquences des deux lasers sources sont mesurées à l'aide un peigne de fréquence optique.La fréquence de la transition 1S-3S est finalement déterminée avec une incertitude relative de 10-12. Sa valeur conduit à une valeur préliminaire du rayon du proton qui serait en contradiction avec celle préconisée par le CODATA.The uncertainty of the Quantum Electrodynamics calculations for hydrogen atom is currently limited by the knowledge of the Rydberg constant and the proton charge radius. Those two quantities can be extracted from the comparison between the theoretical predictions and two different frequency measurements on hydrogen.The 1S-2S transition frequency is one measured with the highest resolution with a relative uncertainty of 10-15. The aim of this thesis is to improve the determination of the 1S-3S transition, which can be used as the second precise measurement. The 1S-3S two-photon transition is excited at 205 nm. This UV light beam is generated by frequency mixing in a non-linear crystal. An 894 nm light delivered by a Ti:Sa laser is mixed with a 266 nm light beam generated by a quadrupled Nd:YVO4 laser. A reliable 15 mW continuous radiation at 205 nm is then produced. The frequencies of both lasers are measured simultaneously using an optical frequency comb referenced to a cesium clock. To evaluate the second-order Doppler effect, the velocity distribution of the atomic beam is determined thanks to a motional Stark effect. This effect is realized with a static magnetic field which induces a velocity-dependent quadratic frequency shift. Finally, the frequency of the 1S-3S transition is determined with a relative uncertainty of 10-12 which is accurate enough to contribute to the “proton size puzzle”. However, depending on the velocity distribution used in the analysis, the obtained value agrees or not with the present recommended CODATA value

Towards DCS in the UV Spectral Range for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Gases

The development of increasingly sensitive and robust instruments and new methodologies are essential to improve our understanding of the Earth&rsquo;s climate and air pollution. In this context, Dual-Comb spectroscopy (DCS) has been successfully demonstrated as a remote laser-based instrument to probe infrared absorbing species such as greenhouse gases. We present here a study of the sensitivity of Dual-Comb spectroscopy to remotely monitor atmospheric gases focusing on molecules that absorb in the ultraviolet domain, where the most reactive molecules of the atmosphere (OH, HONO, BrO...) have their highest absorption cross-sections. We assess the achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the corresponding minimum absorption sensitivity of DCS in the ultraviolet range. We propose a potential light source for remote sensing UV-DCS and discuss the degree of immunity of UV-DCS to atmospheric turbulences. We show that the characteristics of the currently available UV sources are compatible with the unambiguous identification of UV absorbing gases by UV-DCS

Feasibility of dual comb spectroscopy in the UV range using a free-running, bidirectional ring titanium sapphire laser

We show that our developed free-running, bidirectional ring Ti:Sa laser cavity meets the requirements for Dual Comb Spectroscopy in the UV range (UV-DCS). Two counter-propagative frequency combs with slightly different repetition rate are generated in such a cavity and we show quantitatively that this repetition rate difference can be explained by the self-steepening effect. Molecular absorption lines of the O2 A-band centered around 760~nm are measured with a 1,5 GHz spectral resolution, demonstrating that the mutual coherence of the two combs allows GHz-resolution DCS measurements. Moreover, we demonstrate that the generated output peak power allows for efficient second harmonic generation (SHG), in the scope of developing laboratory and open-path UV-DCS experiments

Testing QED with Ramsey-Comb spectroscopy in the deep-UV range

By combining upconversion of amplified frequency comb laser pulses with Ramsey-spectroscopy, we developed deep-UV Ramsey-Comb excitation, leading to highly accurate two-photon spectroscopy in krypton, and molecular hydrogen for testing QED

High-accuracy deep-UV ramsey-comb spectroscopy in krypton

In this paper, we present a detailed account of the first precision Ramseycomb spectroscopy in the deep UV. We excite krypton in an atomic beam using pairs of frequency-comb laser pulses that have been amplified to the millijoule level and upconverted through frequency doubling in BBO crystals. The resulting phasecoherent deep-UV pulses at 212.55 nm are used in the Ramsey-comb method to excite the two-photon 4p6 → 4p55p[1/2]0 transition. For the 84Kr isotope, we find a transition frequency of 2829833101679(103) kHz. The fractional accuracy of 3.7 × 10-11 is 34 times better than previous measurements, and also the isotope shifts are measured with improved accuracy. This demonstration shows the potential of Ramsey-comb excitation for precision spectroscopy at short wavelengths