Efecto de la proporción de leche bovina y caprina sobre las características físicas y sensoriales del dulce de leche.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la proporción de leche de vaca y leche de cabra en las características del dulce de leche. En la Universidad de Costa Rica y en el Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (enero de 2010 a mayo de 2011) se evaluó el efecto sobre el pH, grados Brix, color y textura en los días 1 y 60 de almacenamiento, de diferentes proporciones de sustitución de leche bovina por leche caprina en el dulce de leche (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%). El agrado sensorial se estimó en el día 15 con 100 consumidores para las formulaciones y un producto comercial de referencia, efectuando un análisis de conglomerados. Para todas las variables existió efecto significativo del almacenamiento (p≤0,05), solo para el pH hubo interacción almacenamiento x producto. A mayor porcentaje de sustitución, menor fue el pH, disminuyendo este con el almacenamiento. Se requirió de más grados brix para alcanzar la consistencia deseada en las formulaciones que contenían leche caprina. El color mostró diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) pero con variaciones leves, incrementándose el color rojizo y amarillento con el tiempo y el porcentaje de sustitución. Existieron diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) en elasticidad, dureza, consistencia, índice de viscosidad y adhesividad para todos los porcentajes de leche de cabra excepto para 25% y 50%, generando un 0% de leche caprina la mayor dureza, adhesividad y elasticidad. Sensorialmente, un primer conglomerado (63%) arrojó un aceptable agrado para todas las muestras, mientras un segundo conglo-merado (37%) manifestó un mayor agrado por el dulce de leche comercial y en segundo lugar por la sustitución de 50%

Latin American study of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer LACAM : a genomic epidemiology approach

Q2Q1Artículo original1-13Purpose: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is responsible for ~5–10% of all diagnosed breast and ovarian cancers. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Latin America (LA). The main objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the genomic epidemiology of HBOC throughout the establishment of The Latin American consortium for HBOC-LACAM, consisting of specialists from 5 countries in LA and the description of the genomic results from the first phase of the study. Methods: We have recruited 403 individuals that fulfilled the criteria for HBOC from 11 health institutions of Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. A pilot cohort of 222 individuals was analyzed by NGS gene panels. One hundred forty-three genes were selected on the basis of their putative role in susceptibility to different hereditary cancers. Libraries were sequenced in MiSeq (Illumina, Inc.) and PGM (Ion Torrent-Thermo Fisher Scientific) platforms. Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic variants was 17% (38/222); the distribution spanned 14 genes and varied by country. The highest relative prevalence of pathogenic variants was found in patients from Argentina (25%, 14/57), followed by Mexico (18%, 12/68), Guatemala (16%, 3/19), and Colombia (13%, 10/78). Pathogenic variants were found in BRCA1 (20%) and BRCA2 (29%) genes. Pathogenic variants were found in other 12 genes, including high and moderate risk genes such as MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, and PALB2. Additional pathogenic variants were found in HBOC unrelated genes such as DCLRE1C, WRN, PDE11A, and PDGFB. Conclusion: In this first phase of the project, we recruited 403 individuals and evaluated the germline genetic alterations in an initial cohort of 222 patients among 4 countries. Our data show for the first time in LA the distribution of pathogenic variants in a broad set of cancer susceptibility genes in HBOC. Even though we used extended gene panels, there was still a high proportion of patients without any detectable pathogenic variant, which emphasizes the larger, unexplored genetic nature of the disease in these populations

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Efecto de la proporción de leche bovina y caprina sobre las características físicas y sensoriales del dulce de leche

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of the proportion of cow and goat milk in the composition of milk candy “dulce de leche”. The evaluation was conducted at the Universidad de Costa Rica and the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (from January 2010 to May 2011), to establish the effect on the pH, Brix degrees, color and texture in days 1 and 60 of storage, of different goat milk proportions in the milk candy (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Sensorial acceptance of such formulations was estimated for 100 consumers using formulations at day fifteen and a commercial product used as reference; this data was assessed using a cluster analysis. For all variables there is a significant effect of storage (p≤0.05), but only interactions between storage and pH were revealed. The higher the proportion of goat milk, the lower the pH, especially as storage time increases. High Brix values were needed to obtain a desirable consistency in formulations containing goat milk. The color showed significant differences (p≤0.05) but with slight variations, reddish and yellowish color being increased with time and with the percentage of substitution. Significant differences (p≤0.05) in elasticity, hardness, consistency, viscosity index and adhesiveness for all the percentage of goat milk except for 25% and 50% existed; the 0% formulation generated the greater hardness, adhesiveness and elasticity. Analysis of sensory data obtained a first cluster (63%) of people who showed a good acceptance for all samples, while a second cluster (37%) reported increased liking for the commercial brand used as reference and for the 50% substitution as well.El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la proporción de leche de vaca y leche de cabra en las características del dulce de leche. En la Universidad de Costa Rica y en el Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (enero de 2010 a mayo de 2011) se evaluó el efecto sobre el pH, grados Brix, color y textura en los días 1 y 60 de almacenamiento, de diferentes proporciones de sustitución de leche bovina por leche caprina en el dulce de leche (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%). El agrado sensorial se estimó en el día 15 con 100 consumidores para las formulaciones y un producto comercial de referencia, efectuando un análisis de conglomerados. Para todas las variables existió efecto significativo del almacenamiento (p≤0,05), solo para el pH hubo interacción almacenamiento x producto. A mayor porcentaje de sustitución, menor fue el pH, disminuyendo este con el almacenamiento. Se requirió de más grados brix para alcanzar la consistencia deseada en las formulaciones que contenían leche caprina. El color mostró diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) pero con variaciones leves, incrementándose el color rojizo y amarillento con el tiempo y el porcentaje de sustitución. Existieron diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) en elasticidad, dureza, consistencia, índice de viscosidad y adhesividad para todos los porcentajes de leche de cabra excepto para 25% y 50%, generando un 0% de leche caprina la mayor dureza, adhesividad y elasticidad. Sensorialmente, un primer conglomerado (63%) arrojó un aceptable agrado para todas las muestras, mientras un segundo conglo-merado (37%) manifestó un mayor agrado por el dulce de leche comercial y en segundo lugar por la sustitución de 50%

Comprehensive Analysis of Germline Variants in Mexican Patients with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) represents 5–10% of all patients with breast cancer and is associated with high-risk pathogenic alleles in BRCA1/2 genes, but only for 25% of cases. We aimed to find new pathogenic alleles in a panel of 143 cancer-predisposing genes in 300 Mexican cancer patients with suspicion of HBOC and 27 high-risk patients with a severe family history of cancer, using massive parallel sequencing. We found pathogenic variants in 23 genes, including BRCA1/2. In the group of cancer patients 15% (46/300) had a pathogenic variant; 11% (33/300) harbored variants with unknown clinical significance (VUS) and 74% (221/300) were negative. The high-risk group had 22% (6/27) of patients with pathogenic variants, 4% (1/27) had VUS and 74% (20/27) were negative. The most recurrent mutations were the Mexican founder deletion of exons 9-12 and the variant p.G228fs in BRCA1, each found in 5 of 17 patients with alterations in this gene. Rare VUS with potential impact at the protein level were found in 21 genes. Our results show for the first time in the Mexican population a higher contribution of pathogenic alleles in other susceptibility cancer genes (54%) than in BRCA1/2 (46%), highlighting the high locus heterogeneity of HBOC and the necessity of expanding genetic tests for this disease to include broader gene panels

Racismo en Chile: colonialismo, nacionalismo, capitalismo

Las migraciones no son un fenómeno reciente ni localizado. Hombres y mujeres abandonan sus países buscando trabajo y supervivencia empujados por la pobreza, las guerras, los conflictos civiles y las persecuciones que ponen en peligro sus vidas. Son personas expulsadas de sus países que provienen generalmente de poblaciones empobrecidas para devenir protagonistas de las migraciones, un fenómeno sin precedentes que actualmente se produce en un contexto de total explotación dada en un siglo de mundialización globalizada, que los somete a todo tipo de violencias. En este marco deshumanizador, miles de personas inmigrantes devienen cuerpos circulando en variados mercados que los buscan como mano de obra barata, disponible, traficable y presta a todo

Mexico ants: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic–Neotropical interface

International audienceto explore different aspects of the population and community research of ants at different spatial scales, and to aid in the establishment of conservation policies and actions. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using its data for publications or teaching events

Mexico's Ants: Who are They and Where do They Live?

International audienc

I simposio Internacional sobre Investigación en la enseñanza de las ciencias

Edición 202