Habsburg Studies under Siege: Notes on Recent Early Modern Scholarship

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Šime Budinić in Zadar, 1556-69: The Topography of Everyday Life of a Renaissance Humanist

U ovom radu ispituju se obiteljske veze i svakodnevne interakcije Šime Budi¬nića (1530/35-1600) od 1540-ih do 1565. Do sada je pozornost proučavatelja bila usmjerena na njegova kasnija teološka i humanistička nastojanja, a malo je bilo poznato o njegovim formativnim godinama i desetljeću koje je proveo radeći kao bilježnik. Na temelju novih arhivskih podataka uvećava se naše znanje o njemu i pružaju se novi uvidi u rano razdoblje života toga dalmatinskog humanista. Kombinirajući prethodno neiskorištene primarne izvore, tj. zapise Budinića i njegovih kolega bilježnika, ovaj se prilog koristi pristupima što su ih tijekom posljednje četvrtine 20. st. razvili društveni povjesničari (mikropovijest, All¬tagsgeschichte), da bi se na taj način rekonstruirali opseg i dubina Budinićeva obiteljskog naslijeđa, poslovnih veza i socijalne interakcije. Takvim pristupom došlo se do četiriju glavnih uvida. Prvo, prateći trag Budinićevih najbližih obi¬teljskih odnosa u bilježničkim zapisima, utvrđena je lokacija glavne kuće obitelji Budinić: ona se nalazila u neposrednoj blizini glavne zadarske ulice i katedrale. Drugo, osim takva, središnjeg smještaja u gradu, Budinić je bio blizak vodećim članovima zadarskog društva, među kojima su utjecajni posrednici u crkvenim poslovima, kao što je Sanctus de Sanctis, a važan je i utjecaj zadarskog odvjet¬nika Hieronymusa Cortesiusa, rodom Rabljanina, koji je u obitelji Budinić bio odgajatelj. Ovi aspekti upućuju na treći važan čimbenik, a to je uloga određenih pojedinaca, poput spomenutih Sanctusa de Sanctisa i Hieronymusa Cortesiusa. Sasvim je sigurno da su oni igrali veliku ulogu u životima članova obitelji Budinić, ali njihovi potencijalni utjecaji i dalje su nedovoljno istraženi. Napokon, pozorna i sustavna analiza dostupnih bilježničkih zapisa otkrila je jedinstveni slučaj u ko¬jem se Šime Budinić i Sanctus de Sanctis pojavljuju zajedno, pri čemu je njihov odnos označen latinskom riječi nepos. Iako ona može značiti ili nećaka ili unuka, sustavno proučavanje sačuvanih bilježničkih zapisa koji se tiču članova obitelji Budinić, tj. Klare i njezinih sinova Antuna i Stjepana, nije iznijelo nijedan slučaj u kojem se Šime Budinić spominje u kakvu obiteljskom odnosu. To sugerira da je Urlićev početni prijevod (»ujak«) možda bio bliži zbilji od Antoljakove reinter¬pretacije (»djed«) četrdeset godina kasnije. Istodobno, zbir prikupljenih podataka, poput preciznih naznaka o bračnom ugovoru Klare de Sanctis i Mihovila Budinića sklopljenom u Dubrovniku 1521. godine, nudi niz polazišta za buduća istraživanja. Fokusirajući se na prostorni raspon, društvene odnose i odnose među sta¬novnicima Zadra, ovaj rad rekreira Budinićevu »topografiju svakodnevnog živo¬ta«, nudeći tako pragmatičan dalji put koji omogućuje cjelovitu rekonstrukciju aktivnosti pojedinca i ujedno otvara niz polazišta za buduća istraživanja unutar (i onkraj) mletačkoga Jadrana.This essay examines the everyday life of Šime Budinić (1530/35-1600) and his assumed family ties from the 1540s to 1565. Scholarly attention so far has focused on his later theological and humanistic endeavours, and little is known about his formative years and the decade he spent working as a notary. Based on new archival evidence, this essay adds to our knowledge about him and provides new insights into the early life and times of this Dalmatian humanist. Combining previously unknown primary sources written by Budinić and his fellow notaries, the present contribution utilises approaches developed by social historians during the last quarter of the twentieth century (microhistory, Alltagsgeschichte) to reconstruct the extent and depth of Budinić’s interactions. This approach unearthed new evidence of the Budinić family’s possessions and ties to Zadar’s urban elites. Investigation of the notarial records revealed a complete absence of archival evidence linking Šime to the rest of the Budinić family, which suggests that Šime Urlić’s initial interpretation may be deemed more plausible than Stjepan Antoljak’s later amendments. In addition, this approach is used to reconstruct Šime Budinić’s »topography of everyday life«, his activities revealing a number of points of departure for future research within (and beyond) the Venetian Adriatic

Beyond the Individual: Renaissance Dalmatia’s Intellectuals as a Socio-Functional Group

Rad nudi uvide u intelektualne elite Dalmacije fokusirajući se na (1) individualna iskustva kako bi se preko njih stiglo do zapažanja o (2) općim trendovima njihova ponašanja kao socioekonomske skupine. I dok ona uključuje poznate pojedince poput Brne Karnarutića, Federika Grisogona i Šime Budinića, autor smatra da treba uključiti i njihove manje istaknute susjede kako bi se postiglo potpunije razumijevanje njihovih aktivnosti po cijelome mletačkom Jadranu, a ponekad i izvan njega, pri čemu se dolazi do novih uvida u privatne živote dalmatinskih intelektualaca, uključujući i njihove međuosobne i prostorne veze. Novi uvidi u istraživačko područje kojim dominiraju gradske elite renesansne Dalmacije stečeni su na osnovi istraživanja primarnih izvora koji se čuvaju u Državnom arhivu u Zadru te počivaju na širenju istraživačkog opsega i uključivanju razlikovnih elemenata kao što su klasa, obrazovanje i spol kako bi se identificirali obrasci ponašanja.This essay offers insights into Renaissance Dalmatia’s intellectual elites by focusing, first, on individual experiences to derive, second, general trends about their socio-economic group behaviour. While these include known individuals like Brne Karnarutić, Federik Grisogono, and Šime Budinić, the author argues that we should also include their less-prominent neighbours to arrive at a fuller understanding of their activities throughout, and in some cases beyond, the Venetian Adriatic, thereby revealing new insights into the private lives of Dalmatia’s intellectuals, including interpersonal and spatial ties. Based on original research of primary sources preserved in the Croatian State Archives in Zadar, new insights into a field of research dominated by Renaissance Dalmatia’s urban elites are gained by widening the scope of enquiry and by including differentiations such as class, education, and gender to identify behavioural patterns

Conflict, Coexistence and Cooperation in Venetian Zadar (16th century)

Rad istražuje sukobe na Jadranu u ranome novom vijeku, s osobitim obzirom na mletačke posjede. Dominantno katolički dalmatinski gradovi ušli su u sastav mletačkoga pomorskog posjeda otprilike na prijelazu u 15. stoljeće i bili su dom malih, ali prosperitetnih zajednica trgovaca, pomorskih udruženja i vojnika. Tijekom 16. stoljeća Dalmacija je bila kako prva crta obrane katoličanstva tako i vrijedno čvorište dobara, ideja i ljudi. Kako su Turci napredovali, život unutar prenapučenih zidina, uz opasnost od razbojnika, bolesti i pirata, povremeno je slabio. Unatoč tim okolnostima, suradnja – preko mnogih granica koje su dijelile Europu u ranome novom vijeku – nikad nije prestala. Studija se koristi mikrohistorijskim pristupom izvornoj građi iz bogatoga Državnog arhiva Zadru i prikazuje odabrane primjere suradnje, prilagođavanja pravila i svakodnevnog života.This study investigates encounters in the early modern Adriatic, in particular focusing on the Venetian possessions. The predominantly Catholic Dalmatian cities were incorporated into the Venetian maritime state around the turn of the fifteenth century and were home to small but bustling communities of merchants, companies of sailors, and soldiers. During the sixteenth century, Dalmatia was both the frontline of Catholicism and a valuable turnover hub for goods, ideas, and people. As the Ottomans continued their advance, life within the crammed fortifications, threatened by bandits, disease, and pirates was tenuous at times. Despite these conditions, cooperation across the many fault lines dividing early modern Europe never ceased. The study uses a microhistorical approach to source material from the rich Croatian State Archive in Zadar and presents selected examples of cooperation, the bending of norms, and everyday life

Clinical complexity and impact of the ABC (Atrial fibrillation Better Care) pathway in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF General Long-Term Registry

Background: Clinical complexity is increasingly prevalent among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The ‘Atrial fibrillation Better Care’ (ABC) pathway approach has been proposed to streamline a more holistic and integrated approach to AF care; however, there are limited data on its usefulness among clinically complex patients. We aim to determine the impact of ABC pathway in a contemporary cohort of clinically complex AF patients. Methods: From the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry, we analysed clinically complex AF patients, defined as the presence of frailty, multimorbidity and/or polypharmacy. A K-medoids cluster analysis was performed to identify different groups of clinical complexity. The impact of an ABC-adherent approach on major outcomes was analysed through Cox-regression analyses and delay of event (DoE) analyses. Results: Among 9966 AF patients included, 8289 (83.1%) were clinically complex. Adherence to the ABC pathway in the clinically complex group reduced the risk of all-cause death (adjusted HR [aHR]: 0.72, 95%CI 0.58–0.91), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs; aHR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.52–0.87) and composite outcome (aHR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.58–0.85). Adherence to the ABC pathway was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of death (aHR: 0.74, 95%CI 0.56–0.98) and composite outcome (aHR: 0.76, 95%CI 0.60–0.96) also in the high-complexity cluster; similar trends were observed for MACEs. In DoE analyses, an ABC-adherent approach resulted in significant gains in event-free survival for all the outcomes investigated in clinically complex patients. Based on absolute risk reduction at 1 year of follow-up, the number needed to treat for ABC pathway adherence was 24 for all-cause death, 31 for MACEs and 20 for the composite outcome. Conclusions: An ABC-adherent approach reduces the risk of major outcomes in clinically complex AF patients. Ensuring adherence to the ABC pathway is essential to improve clinical outcomes among clinically complex AF patients

Impact of renal impairment on atrial fibrillation: ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and renal impairment share a bidirectional relationship with important pathophysiological interactions. We evaluated the impact of renal impairment in a contemporary cohort of patients with AF. Methods: We utilised the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF Long-Term General Registry. Outcomes were analysed according to renal function by CKD-EPI equation. The primary endpoint was a composite of thromboembolism, major bleeding, acute coronary syndrome and all-cause death. Secondary endpoints were each of these separately including ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic event, intracranial haemorrhage, cardiovascular death and hospital admission. Results: A total of 9306 patients were included. The distribution of patients with no, mild, moderate and severe renal impairment at baseline were 16.9%, 49.3%, 30% and 3.8%, respectively. AF patients with impaired renal function were older, more likely to be females, had worse cardiac imaging parameters and multiple comorbidities. Among patients with an indication for anticoagulation, prescription of these agents was reduced in those with severe renal impairment, p <.001. Over 24 months, impaired renal function was associated with significantly greater incidence of the primary composite outcome and all secondary outcomes. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated an inverse relationship between eGFR and the primary outcome (HR 1.07 [95% CI, 1.01–1.14] per 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 decrease), that was most notable in patients with eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 (HR 2.21 [95% CI, 1.23–3.99] compared to eGFR ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2). Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with AF suffer from concomitant renal impairment which impacts their overall management. Furthermore, renal impairment is an independent predictor of major adverse events including thromboembolism, major bleeding, acute coronary syndrome and all-cause death in patients with AF

Impact of clinical phenotypes on management and outcomes in European atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF (EORP-AF) General Long-Term Registry

Background: Epidemiological studies in atrial fibrillation (AF) illustrate that clinical complexity increase the risk of major adverse outcomes. We aimed to describe European AF patients\u2019 clinical phenotypes and analyse the differential clinical course. Methods: We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward\u2019s Method and Squared Euclidean Distance using 22 clinical binary variables, identifying the optimal number of clusters. We investigated differences in clinical management, use of healthcare resources and outcomes in a cohort of European AF patients from a Europe-wide observational registry. Results: A total of 9363 were available for this analysis. We identified three clusters: Cluster 1 (n = 3634; 38.8%) characterized by older patients and prevalent non-cardiac comorbidities; Cluster 2 (n = 2774; 29.6%) characterized by younger patients with low prevalence of comorbidities; Cluster 3 (n = 2955;31.6%) characterized by patients\u2019 prevalent cardiovascular risk factors/comorbidities. Over a mean follow-up of 22.5 months, Cluster 3 had the highest rate of cardiovascular events, all-cause death, and the composite outcome (combining the previous two) compared to Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 (all P <.001). An adjusted Cox regression showed that compared to Cluster 2, Cluster 3 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.27\u20133.62; HR 3.42, 95%CI 2.72\u20134.31; HR 2.79, 95%CI 2.32\u20133.35), and Cluster 1 (HR 1.88, 95%CI 1.48\u20132.38; HR 2.50, 95%CI 1.98\u20133.15; HR 2.09, 95%CI 1.74\u20132.51) reported a higher risk for the three outcomes respectively. Conclusions: In European AF patients, three main clusters were identified, differentiated by differential presence of comorbidities. Both non-cardiac and cardiac comorbidities clusters were found to be associated with an increased risk of major adverse outcomes

Labour and Forced Labour in Early Modern History (ca. 1500-1800)

Any inquest into the role of pre-industrial labour may well begin with the reminder that the subject is neither as clear-cut nor as neatly distinguishable as it may appear. ‘Labour’ used to refer primarily to agricultural work, especially physical toil, which constituted the mainstay of pre-industrial production. The emergence of proto-industry in the early modern period witnessed a gradual, if non-linear, shift in employment structures, which corresponds to a secular decline of the agricultural workforce.Analytically, ‘labour’ covered a wide spectrum that ranged from free (voluntary) wage labour to various forms of unfree labour determined by a combination of property rights and an individual’s legal status. The degrees of freedom were determined by taxation levels, landownership, labour rents and services, legal status, and individual dependencies, including temporary limitations (e.g., military conscription, convict labour), various grades of subjection, and personal unfreedom (slavery). Though their diffusion varied considerably across time and space, these overlapping types of labour were found all over Europe: (a) free labour (un-/skilled labour), (b) partially free labour (tenurial relations, incl. serfdom), and (c) unfree labour (e.g., convicts, slaves)

State (de-)formation in practice: Bohemian fiscal-financial arrangements during the war of the Spanish succession

This essay focuses on the consequences of fiscal-financial arrangements during the War of the Spanish Succession. Using the example of Bohemia in the Habsburg monarchy, I demonstrate that taxation and borrowing had integrative as well as disintegrative consequences, which come into view only from a perspective outside the court and when reconstructed from below the social elites. This essay’s focus on local actors and regional interlinkages offers new insights and a complementary perspective to the established field of state formation