Interference of multiplane wings having elliptical lift distribution

In calculating the self-induction of a wing surface, elliptical lift distribution is assumed, while in calculating the mutual induction or interference of two wing surfaces, a uniform distribution of the lift along the wing has hitherto been assumed. Whether the results of these calculations are substantially altered by assuming an elliptical lift distribution (which is just as probable as uniform distribution) is examined here

Insight into CO2 dissociation in plasmas from numerical solution of a vibrational diffusion equation

The dissociation of CO2 molecules in plasmas is a subject of enormous importance for fundamental studies and the recent interest in carbon capture and carbon-neutral fuels. The vibrational excitation of the CO2 molecule plays an important role in the process. The complexity of the present state-to-state (STS) models makes it difficult to find out the key parameters. In this paper we propose as an alternative a numerical method based on the diffusion formalism developed in the past for analytical studies. The non-linear Fokker-Planck equation is solved by the time-dependent diffusion Monte Carlo method. Transport quantities are calculated from STS rate coefficients. The asymmetric stretching mode of CO2 is used as a test case. We show that the method reproduces the STS results or a Treanor distribution depending on the choice of the boundary conditions. A positive drift, whose energy onset is determined by the vibrational to translational temperature ratio, brings molecules from mid-energy range to dissociation. The high-energy fall of the distribution is observed even neglecting VT processes which are normally believed to be its cause. Our study explains several puzzling features of previous studies, provides new insights into the control of the dissociation rate and a much sought compression of the required data for modeling

Technologies for the marketplace from the Centers for Disease Control

The Centers for Disease Control, a Public Health Service agency, is responsible for the prevention and control of disease and injury. Programs range from surveillance and prevention of chronic and infectious diseases to occupational health and injury control. These programs have produced technologies in a variety of fields, including vaccine development, new methods of disease diagnosis, and new tools to ensure a safer work environment

Breaking Through the Noise: Literacy Teachers in the Face of Accountability, Evaluation, and Reform

In an era of increased accountability, it is important to understand how exemplary teachers navigate the demands placed on them by their schools, districts, and states in order to support student learning aligned with their beliefs of effective instruction. To understand these negotiations, tensions facing exemplary literacy teachers were examined through a qualitative interview study. Participants included nineteen experienced PK-6th grade teachers from across the U.S. Results of the study indicate that teachers experience discrepancies between their beliefs and state and local mandates, and they discuss a variety of strategies for negotiating these discrepancies. Findings suggest that schools can support effective literacy instruction by cultivating cultures of autonomy for teachers and strengthening teachers’ sense of agency

Development of proposals, including legal instruments, to improve the data situation on the whereabouts of end-of-life vehicles

To minimize the impact of end-of life vehicles on the environment they have to be managed in accordance with the legal requirements. Against this background it is important to comprehend the whereabouts of permanently decommissioned passenger cars. From the available statistical sources it was only possible to account for the whereabouts in parts for the last years. The subject-matter of the research project was the closure of this "statistical gap" to the maximum extent possible. The objectives of the project were the identification of the possible reasons underlying the "statistical gap", the determination, itemisation and, to the maximum extent possible, quantification of information on the actual whereabouts of permanently decommissioned vehicles and the development of measures and instruments that can be used to permanently improve the data situation

Language standardization in sociolinguistics and international business: Theory and practice across the table

This chapter addresses the issue of language standardization from two perspectives, bringing together a theoretical perspective offered by the discipline of sociolinguistics with a practical example from international business. We introduce the broad concept of standardization and embed the study of language standardization in the wider discussion of standards as a means of control across society. We analyse the language policy and practice of the Danish multinational, Grundfos, and use it as a “sociolinguistic laboratory” to “test” the theory of language standardization initially elaborated by Einar Haugen to explain the history of modern Norwegian. The table is then turned and a model from International Business by Piekkari, Welch and Welch is used to illuminate recent Norwegian language planning. It is found that the Grundfos case works well with the Haugen model, and the International Business model provides a valuable practical lesson for national language planners, both showing that a “comparative standardology” is a valuable undertaking. More voices “at the table” will allow both theory and practice to be further refined and for the role of standards across society to be better understood

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Human Enteroviruses in the Context of Poliovirus Eradication

Viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. Up to present, thirteen genera within this large family have been designated by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: Aphtovirus, Erbovirus, Teschovirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Tremovirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Hepatovirus, Cosavirus, Parechovirus, Kobuvirus and Enterovirus (Fig. 1). Members within the latter six genera have been reported to cause human disease. Enteroviruses are, next to viruses of the Herpesviridae family, the major viral cause of neurologic disease with a known etiology in humans, including meningitis, encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis (24, 38, 47). By that they form a serious threat for human health. A well known representative of these is poliovirus (species Human enterovirus C), which has inextricably been associated with large outbreaks of neurologic disease in children. This thesis will focus on prevalence and geneti