Negotiation of Meaning in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom Interaction

Studi ini difokuskan pada negosiasi makna di dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai interaksi kelas bahasa asing. Dua pertanyaan penelitiannya adalah: 1) Tipe-tipe transaksi, pertukaran,perpindahan dan tindakan apakah yang terjadi pada negosiasi makna dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai sebuah Interaksi Kelas Bahasa Asing antara dosen dan mahasiswa? 2) Sampai padatingkatan apakah dosen dan mahasiswa memerankan peranan di dalam proses negosiasi makna dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai sebuah Interaksi Kelas Bahasa Asing? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif-deskriptif. Subjek studi ini adalah dosen dan mahasiswa semester enam padaProgram Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris pada kelas Metodologi Penelitian. Analisis ini pada dasarnya didasarkan pada analisis wacana kelas yang diajukan oleh Sinclair dan Coultharddengan sistem yang disebut: transaksi, pertukaran, perpindahan, dan tindakan. Hasil dari studiini menunjukkan bahwa (a) tiga tipe transaksi pokok yang terjadi pada wacana kelas EFL adalah; 1) melaporkan transaksi sebanyak 44 kali (45,36%), 2) memunculkan transaksisebanyak 35 kali (35.05 %), dan 3) mengarahkan transaksi sebanyak 19 kali (19.59 %). (b) Tipe-tipe pertukaran yang terjadi pada wacana kelas EFL meliputi 14 jenis pertukaran, yangterjadi sebanyak 128 kali, tetapi yang paling sering terjadi adalah membatasi (boundary), yaitu sebanyak 51 kali (39.84 %) dari keseluruhan kejadian pertukaran, sedangkan memperkuat (reinforce) dan menerima (accept) menempati posisi terendah, yaitu satu kali (0.78 %) dari keseluruhan kejadian pertukaran. (c) Tipe-tipe perpindahan yang terjadi pada wacana kelas EFL di dalam kelas Metode Penelitian adalah: 1) Perpindahan Awal (pembukaan) terjadi sebanyak 36 kali (37.5 %), 2) Perpindahan Respon (memberikan jawaban) terjadi sebanyak 34 kali (35.42 %), dan Perpindahan Umpan-Balik (tindak lanjut) terjadis sebanyak 26 kali (27.08 %).(d) Pada tipe-tipe tindakan yang terjadi pada wacana kelas EFL, terdapat 22 jenis tindakan yang terjadi, sebanyak 1.106 kali, tetapi yang paling sering terjadi adalah yang membenarkan(acknowledge), yaitu sebanyak 238 kali (21.52 %) dari seluruh kejadian tindakan, sementara memeriksa (check) menempati posisi terendah yaitu 3 kali (0.27 %) dari seluruh kejadiantindakan. Peran dosen dan mahasiswa di dalam proses negosiasi makna antara lain: 1) proses ritual yang dilakukan oleh dosen, sebanyak 8 kali (53.33 %), proses ritual yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa, sebanyak 7 kali (46.67 %); sementara ritual negosiasi yang dilakukan sebanyak 12kali dibagi ke dalam Data I sebanyak 6 kali atau 50 % dan Data II sebanyak 6 kali atau 50 % pula. Diharapkan bahwa hasil dari studi ini akan memberikan informasi kepada para dosenbahsa Inggris di Indonesia sebagai konteks EFL mengenai beberapa strategi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan makna negosiasi antara dosen dan mahasiswa di dalam wacana kelas. Partisipasi mahasiswa di dalam wacana kelas EFL tergantung kepada bagaimana dosen menciptakan situasi, dengan menggunakan metode-metode yang tepat, karakteristik mahasiswa, serta alat-alat instruksi pilihan serta tidak didominasi oleh dosen

Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian pada Kelompok Tani Padi Sawah Desa Kopiwangker Kecamatan Langowan Barat

The purpose of this research is to know the performance of agriculture extension workers in wetland paddy farmer group in Kopiwangker Village, West Langowan Sub-district, Minahasa District. This research was conducted for 5 months from November 2016 until March 2017. This research uses primary data and secondary data. This research was conducted by direct interview technique, based on the prepared questionnaire to three farmer groups. They are Suka Maju Farmer Group, Esa Group and Tumou Tou farmer group. Each groups taken 3 respondents and 2 members from BP3K so total respondents are 11 people. The results showed that the level of agricultural extension performance in the farmer group in Desa Kopiwangker was quite good in relation to the seven tupoksi studied were the area potential data, the agricultural extension program, the information disseminated to the main actors, the growth of the farmer institution, the increased capacity of the main actors, Key actors of market information, technology and financing and increased production and revenue of key players

BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice Cytokine Responses to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Are Independent of Parasite Strain Infectivity

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, which affects 6-7 million people worldwide. Different strains of T. cruzi present specific genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that affect the host-pathogen interactions, and thus, the parasite has been classified into six groups (TcI to TcVI). T. cruzi infection presents two clinical phases, acute and chronic, both with distinct characteristics and important participation by the immune system. However, the specific contributions of parasite and host factors in the disease phases are not yet fully understood. The murine model for Chagas' disease is well-established and reproduces important features of the human infection, providing an experimental basis for the study of host lineages and parasite strains. Thus, we evaluated acute and chronic infection by the G (TcI) and CL (TcVI) strains of T. cruzi, which have distinct tropisms and infectivity, in two inbred mice lineages (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) that display variable degrees of susceptibility to different T. cruzi strains. Analysis of the parasite loads in host tissues by qPCR showed that CL strain established an infection faster than the G strainat the same time, the response in BALB/c mice, although diverse in terms of cytokine secretion, was initiated earlier than that in C57BL/6 mice. At the parasitemia peak in the acute phase, we observed, either by confocal microscopy or by qPCR, that the infection was disseminated in all groups analyzed, with some differences concerning parasite tropismat this point, all animals responded to infection by increasing the serum concentrations of cytokines. However, BALB/c mice seemed to better regulate the immune response than C57BL/6 mice. Indeed, in the chronic phase, C57BL/6 mice still presented exacerbated cytokine and chemokine responses. In summary, our results indicate that in these experimental models, the deregulation of immune response that is typical of chronic Chagas' disease may be due to control loss over pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines early in the acute phase of the disease, depending primarily on the host background rather than the parasite strain.FAPESPCAPESCNPqUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Bioquim, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Bioquim, Sao Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2011/51475-3FAPESP: 2014/21338-2CNPq: 302068/2016-3Web of Scienc

Contributing factors affecting the prognosis surgical outcome for thoracic OLF

The thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) is a disease that produces spastic paraparesis, and there are various factors that may affect the surgical outcome of thoracic OLF patients. The authors of this study treated 19 of these thoracic OLF patients from 1998 to 2002, and retrospectively reviewed the patients′ age, sex, symptom duration, involved disease level, preoperative clinical features, neurological findings, radiological findings, the other combined spinal diseases and the surgical outcomes. There were excellent or good surgical outcomes in 16 patients, but 3 patients did not improve after thoracic OLF surgery: this included 1 patient, whose motor function worsened after decompressive thoracic OLF surgery. The favorable contributing factors of surgical outcome in thoracic OLF are a short preoperative symptom duration, single-level lesion, and unilateral lesion type on CT axial scan. On the contrary, the poor prognostic factors are beak type lesion and intramedullary signal changes on T2-weighted sagittal MRI. The complete preoperative evaluation including radiologic findings will provide valuable aid in presuming the surgical outcome for the thoracic OLF patients.ope

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Ventricular Activation Sequences: Implications for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Next to clinical and experimental research, mathematical modeling plays a crucial role in medicine. Biomedical research takes place on many different levels, from molecules to the whole organism. Due to the complexity of biological systems, the interactions between components are often difficult or impossible to understand without the help of mathematical models. Mathematical models of cardiac electrophysiology have made a tremendous progress since the first numerical ECG simulations in the 1960s. This paper briefly reviews the development of this field and discusses some example cases where models have helped us forward, emphasizing applications that are relevant for the study of heart failure and cardiac resynchronization therapy

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Designing a Multichannel Map Service Concept

This paper introduces a user-centered design process for developing a multichannel map service. The aim of the service is to provide hikers with interactive maps through several channels. In a multichannel map service, the same spatial information is available through various channels, such as printed maps, Web maps, mobile maps, and other interactive media. When properly networked, the channels share a uniform identity so that the user experiences the different channels as a part of a single map service. The traditional methods of user-centered design, such as design probes, personas, and scenarios, proved useful even in the emerging field of developing multichannel map services. The findings emphasize the need to involve users and multidisciplinary teams in the conceptual phases of designing complex services aimed at serving various kinds of users.peerReviewe

Methotrexate loaded SAE coated coronary stents reduce neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine coronary model

Objective: To evaluate the effect of stent based methotrexate delivery on neointimal hyperplasia. Methods: Stainless steel coronary stents and biological polymer coated (SAE) stents were randomly implanted in coronary arteries of pigs with a stent to artery ratio of 1.1:1. The pigs were killed after five days (10 stents) or four weeks (20 stents). Second, stainless steel coronary stents were dip coated in a 10 mg/ml methotrexate–SAE polymer solution, resulting in a total load of 150 μg methotrexate/stent. SAE coated stents and methotrexate loaded stents were randomly implanted in porcine coronary arteries with a stent to artery ratio of 1.2:1 and followed up to four weeks. Results: SAE coated stents and bare stents elicited a similar tissue response at five days. At four weeks, neointimal hyperplasia induced by the coated stents was less pronounced than with the bare stents (1.32 (0.66) v 1.73 (0.93) mm(2), p > 0.05). In vitro drug release studies showed that 50% of the methotrexate was released in 24 hours, and all drug was released within four weeks. No impact on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or viability was observed in in vitro cell cultures. At four weeks the arteries with methotrexate loaded stents had decreased peristrut inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia (1.22 (0.34) v 2.25 (1.28) mm(2), p < 0.01). Conclusions: SAE coating had an excellent biocompatibility with vascular tissue. Stent based delivery of methotrexate in the SAE coating effectively reduced neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine coronary stent model, potentially due to reduced peristrut inflammation