Research in humans: medical, legal, psychological and religious aspects

cometidas em pesquisa, com princípios inerentes a qualquer código de ética ou deontológico. Porém, os valores moraisdiferem de uma sociedade para outra, gerando dilemas que envolvem revolução tecnológica, biológica, crenças e teologia. Assim, oseticistas obrigaram-se a considerar disciplinas para além de suas especificidades, estabelecendo fronteiras com diversos campos do conhecimento, pois os progressos até aqui alcançados levantam questões éticas em que, muitas vezes, o próprio conhecimento não apresenta respostas satisfatórias. Este trabalho aborda os vocábulos da ética e moral sob o enfoque médico, religioso, jurídico e psicológico de um modo prático, procurando delinear suas diferenças e similitudes

Manipulation of the human genome: ethics and law

A biologia molecular tem fornecido as ferramentas básicas para os geneticistas se aprofundarem nos mecanismos moleculares que influem na variação das doenças. Deve-se destacar a responsabilidade científica e moral dos pesquisadores, uma vez que os cientistas devem imaginar as consequências morais da aplicação comercial de testes genéticos, já que esse fato envolve não só o indivíduo e suas famílias, mas toda a população. Além de ser preciso, também, fazer uma reflexão sobre como essas informações do genoma humano serão utilizadas, para o bem ou mal. O objetivo desta revisão foi trazer à luz do conhecimento dados sobre características éticas da aplicação da biologia molecular, relacionando-a com os direitos do ser humano. Após análise bibliográfica, pôde-se observar que o Projeto Genoma Humano gerou várias possibilidades, como identificação de genes associados a doenças com propriedades sinergísticas, mas modificando às vezes comportamentos ao intervir geneticamente no ser humano, trazendo benefícios ou malefícios sociais. O grande desafio é decidir o que a humanidade pretende em relação a este gigantesco salto.The molecular biology has provided the basic tool for geneticists deepening in the molecular mechanisms that influence different diseases. It should be noted the scientific and moral responsibility of the researchers, because the scientists should imagine the moral consequences of the commercial application of genetic tests, since this fact involves not only the individual and their families, but the entire population. Besides being also necessary to make a reflection on how this information from the human genome will be used, for good or bad. The objective of this review was to bring the light of knowledge, data on characteristics of the ethical application of molecular biology, linking it with the rights of human beings. After studying literature, it might be observed that the Human Genome Project has generated several possibilities, such as the identification of genes associated with diseases with synergistic properties, but sometimes modifying behavior to genetically intervene in humans, bringing benefits or social harm. The big challenge is to decide what humanity wants on this giant leap

The role of Occupational Dentistry concerning smoking in business companies

Introdução: o combate ao hábito do tabagismo entre os trabalhadores, demonstra-se ser de fundamental importância, tendo em vista que o uso do tabaco é um fator de risco importante para a saúde geral e bucal dos mesmos. Portanto, as empresas têm avaliado o custo da manutenção de funcionários tabagistas, sendo os índices de absenteísmo e o aumento do custo para os planos de saúde mensurados e questionados. A Odontologia do Trabalho oferece uma grande oportunidade para identificar e motivar os trabalhadores a procurar tratamento contra a dependência do tabaco, visando prevenir doenças bucais e a promoção da saúde na empresa aonde atua. Conclusão: pelo fato do Odontológo do Trabalho possuir contato periódico junto aos trabalhadores, ele deverá atuar diretamente no controle e acompanhamento multidisciplinar dos trabalhadores tabagistas, interferindo positivamente na atividade produtiva. Introduction: The fight against the habit of smoking among workers shows to be fundamental, the tobacco use is an important risk for oral and general health for employees. For this reason companies are analyzing the cost of maintaining tobacco users as employees, the rates of absenteeism and the increased cost for health plans are measured and questioned. Occupational Dentistry offers a great opportunity to identify and motivate workers to look for a treatment for tobacco dependence in order to prevent oral diseases and health promotion where the company operates. Conclusion: In matter of facts the Occupational Dentist which has regular contact with employees, the professional must act straight in control and monitor tobacco users to create a positive  effect on productive activity.Keywords: Occupational Dentistry. Tobacco. Occupational Health.

Assessment of oral conditions and quality of life in morbid obese and normal weight individuals: a cross-sectional study

The aim of this study was to identify the impact of oral disease on the quality of life of morbid obese and normal weight individuals. Cohort was composed of 100 morbid-obese and 50 normal-weight subjects. Dental caries, community periodontal index, gingival bleeding on probing (BOP), calculus, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, dental wear, stimulated salivary flow, and salivary pH were used to evaluate oral diseases. Socioeconomic and the oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP) questionnaires showed the quality of life in both groups. Unpaired Student, Fisher’s Exact, Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney, and Multiple Regression tests were used (p<0.05). Obese showed lower socio-economic level than control group, but no differences were found considering OIDP. No significant differences were observed between groups considering the number of absent teeth, bruxism, difficult mastication, calculus, initial caries lesion, and caries. However, saliva flow was low, and the salivary pH was changed in the obese group. Enamel wear was lower and dentine wear was higher in obese. More BOP, insertion loss, and periodontal pocket, especially the deeper ones, were found in obese subjects. The regression model showed gender, smoking, salivary pH, socio-economic level, periodontal pocket, and periodontal insertion loss significantly associated to obesity. However, both OIDP and BOP did not show significant contribution to the model. The quality of life of morbid obese was more negatively influenced by oral disease and socio-economic factors than in normal weight subjects107CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO558366/2010-4Sem informação2014/09550-

Bem-estar animal no matadouro

O bem-estar animal no matadouro tem vindo a assumir uma grande importância ética e económica. Assim, é importante o controlo nas operações envolvidas no processo de abate como transporte, descarga, repouso, encaminhamento, imobilização, atordoamento e abate. Durante o estágio no matadouro, foram registados 54583 animais abatidos com valores de reprovações totais de 1.15% para as espécies caprina/ovina, 0.7% para a espécie suína e 0.26% para a espécie bovina. Os resultados avaliados demonstraram uma elevada mortalidade no transporte e abegoaria e uma elevada incidência de doenças respiratórias. Verificaram-se também algumas falhas quer no que se refere ao maneio quer na utilização de certos equipamentos. Sendo o matadouro o último local de passagem antes do abate dos animais, é importante que este disponha de boas infraestruturas e que permita um bom maneio animal por parte dos operadores de forma a evitar o sofrimento, lesões, stresse e consequente perda económica; ### ABSTRACT: The animal welfare in the slaughterhouse has been gaining a great ethical and economic importance. It is therefore important to control the operations involved in the entire slaughter process such as transport, unloading, rest, moving, restraint, stunning and slaughter. From a total of 54583 slaughtered animals in the reported slaughterhouse, the condemnations were 1.15% for caprine/ovine, 0.7% for swine, and 0.26% for bovine. The evaluated results showed high mortality in transport and in holding pens such as high incidence of respiratory diseases. Some deficiencies in handling and use of equipment were observed. Since the slaughterhouse is the last place where the animals are kept before slaughter, it is important that it holds good facilities and enables the proper animal handling by the slaughtermen in order to avoid suffering, injury and stress and the consequent economic loss

Professional exercise and illicit activity in brazilian dentistry

The illegal professional activity still remains a concern in Dentistry, as it is observed in a number of different forms in the society. This study presents a broader view of this problem, which can be useful for the Dentistry and Law Science communities, as well as to the general community, inviting to think about a new attitude, specially regarding authorities’ behavior. In this sense, the study aims to review the literature related to aspects of the professional exercise and illicit activity in Dentistry, analyzing laws and rules that focus on this matter.A atividade ilícita profissional ainda constitui uma preocupação na área odontológica, sendo observada de diversas formas na sociedade. O presente trabalho justifica-se por propiciar à classe odontológica e aos profissionais do Direito, bem como à comunidade em geral, uma melhor visão deste problema, permitindo um melhor posicionamento das autoridades pertinentes. Desta maneira, o estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura abordando os aspectos referentes ao exercício profissional e à atividade ilícita em Odontologia, permeada pela análise das legislações e regulamentações pertinentes

Electrokinetic properties of wavellite and its floatability with cationic and anionic collectors

AbstractThe reverse apatite flotation with fatty acids has been widely used for the reduction of phosphorus content of magmatic origin iron ores. However, the occurrence of phosphorus intensely disseminated as secondary minerals such as wavellite renders the anionic reverse flotation a challenge. Zeta potential measurements and microflotation tests of wavellite with the use of anionic and cationic collectors were carried out in this work. The wavellite’s IEP value was achieved at pH 4.5. Below the IEP value, the surface positively charged sites are made up of aluminum ions. The species H+,Al(OH)2+,Al(OH)2+,Al3+,OH-,H2PO4-,HPO42-, and PO43- play a role in the protonation and deprotonation reactions that will determine the wavellite-solution interface properties. The highest values of wavellite’s floatability under basic pH conditions were achieved in the presence of cationic collectors (1×10−4molL−1). The formation of surface complexes and the precipitation of insoluble salt of aluminum onto wavellite surface seems to be the most likely hypothesis for the chemical nature interactions between amines and wavellite. The surface formation of aluminum oleate on the wavellite’s surface seems to be the most probable hypothesis for the adsorption mechanism and the resultant high floatability of wavellite between pH 7.5 and pH 10.0 in the presence of sodium oleate (1×10−4molL−1). The results showed that the cationic reverse flotation of secondary phosphates is a promising route to reduce the phosphorus content of iron ores from deposits that underwent a supergene enrichment process, since wavellite floatability in the alkaline pH range, using amine as collector, was not significantly affected by the presence of corn starch

Periodontal status and quality of life in pregnant women with both overweight/obesity and hypertension : a cross-sectional study

The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal condition and quality of life of pregnant women affected with both overweight/obesity and arterial hypertension. Pregnant women were dived into three groups: with overweight/obesity and hypertension (

A new protocol for use and storage of tooth-brushing material for school children

Este trabalho avaliou o material de higiene bucal usado em escolas para estabelecer um protocolo às ações de higiene bucal coletiva. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: 1ª- 20 responsáveis pelos procedimentos coletivos com escolares de Bauru e São José dos Campos - SP responderam a dois questionários sobre o uso de cinco kits de higiene bucal coletiva. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste Wilcoxon (p < 0,05); 2ª - 178 escolares de 4 a 8 anos de Bauru e Bariri-SP dispensaram na escova uma quantidade de creme dental e dentifrício líquido para a prática da escovação, a qual foi pesada através de uma balança portátil. A análise estatística foi obtida através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e a análise de covariância (p< 0,05). O kit 5 obteve graus de satisfação e muita satisfação quando comparado aos kits 1 a 4. A quantidade de creme dental dispensada pelos escolares foi em média 0,41g (Bauru) e 0,48g (Bariri). Não houve diferença estatística entre os escolares de Bauru e Bariri em relação ao dentifrício líquido (média de 0,15g). O dentifrício líquido, através da "técnica da gota", foi considerado prático, dispensando uma pequena quantidade padronizada. O kit 5 demonstrou ser uma boa alternativa ao estabelecimento de um protocolo de ações em saúde bucal coletiva no SUS.The aim of this study was to evaluate the storage and distribution of toothbrushing material for school children. Twenty individuals responsible for the collective oral hygiene of school children from Bauru - SP and São José dos Campos - SP participated in the first stage of the study, answering 2 questionnaires about five different kits for use by school children. The statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon (p<0,05). In the second stage, the amount of toothpaste or liquid cleanser applied to the toothbrush by 178 school children aged 4 to 8 years from 2 cities from the state of São Paulo (Bauru e Bariri) was weighed using a portable balance. The statistical analysis was obtained by using Pearson's correlation coefficient and analysis of covariance (p <0,05). Kit 5 obtained levels of satisfaction and high satisfaction when compared with the others kits (1 - 4). The school children from Bauru (0,41g) used smaller amounts of toothpaste than the school children from Bariri (0,48g). The average of the amount of liquid cleanser applied by the sample was 0,15g. The "drop technique" (liquid cleanser) was considered practical for dispensing a small, standardized quantity of the product. Kit 5 was considered a good alternative for establishing a collective oral health protocol in the Brazilian health system