Peristaltic transport of Johnson–Segalman fluid in a curved channel with compliant walls

The present investigation deals with the peristaltic flow of an incompressible Johnson–Segalman fluid in a curved channel. Effects of the channel wall properties are taken into account. The associated equations for peristaltic flow in a curved channel are modeled. Mathematical analysis is simplified under long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The solution expressions are established for small Weissenberg number. Effects of several embedded parameters on the flow quantities are discussed

Concussion: A review of epidemiology, presentation and treatment.

A direct impact on the head can cause a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury or Concussion. It is a neuronal brain injury with or without loss of consciousness. Each year, approximately 69 million people are estimated to suffer from Concussion. Around 80-90% of these Concussion cases resolve within a week. The most commonly reported post-concussion symptoms include headache, cognitive changes, sleep disturbances, and depression. Essential in the approach to patients with concussion includes a detailed history taking and physical examination. Imaging modalities like Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) of the brain may not show any significant changes; therefore more sensitive tests, like Functional MRI (fMRI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Positive Emission Tomography (PET) can be used. The treatment approach depends on the underlying cause and presentation. Patients should be encouraged to resume physical activity as soon as possible. Symptoms like headache can be treated with Analgesics. Sleep disturbances should be handled with proper sleep routine and drugs including Zolpidem. Cognitive disturbances can be improved with drugs and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. In all patients, follow-up and counseling are always required. We discuss the epidemiology, symptoms, and treatment approach of mild traumatic brain injury in the world and Pakistan

Simulation-based training in the paediatric surgery population: A review of current trends and future direction

In recent years, simulation-based training in surgery has emerged as a viable accompaniment to traditional teaching methods. Multiple studies have highlighted the benefits of simulation-based training in both learning and teaching aspects of surgical training, with a particular emphasis on the honing of technical skills. However, multiple issues still exist in widespread implementation of simulation-based training, especially in the developing countries. Furthermore, the existing literature needs to be expanded upon in both quantity and quality domains to ensure a more evidence-based transition to simulation-based training in surgery. The current review article was planned to take a look at the existing literature on the current state of simulation-based training in paediatric surgery, its potential to revolutionise paediatric surgical training, and to propose solutions to the issues that are delaying wider implementation

Investigations of Acacia modesta Wall. leaves for in vitro anti‑diabetic, proliferative and cytotoxic effects

The leaves of Acacia modesta Wall. have been shown to possess diverse pharmacological properties. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating anti-diabetic, cytotoxic and proliferative effects of extracts of Acacia modesta Wall. leaves. After evaluating the primary and secondary metabolites, anti-diabetic activity of various extracts was assessed by α-amylase inhibition, glucose uptake by yeast cells and non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin assay. Cytotoxicity and proliferative potential was assessed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and short term proliferation assays, respectively, using human liver carcinoma cell line, HepG2. Among other extracts, chloroform extract exhibited 34.16% inhibition of α-amylase, 90.65% inhibition of hemoglobin glycosylation and 94.75% glucose uptake employing α-amylase inhibition, non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, respectively. Moreover, extracts exhibited no significant effects on HepG2 cell viability and proliferation. So, this data suggested that chloroform extract of leaves of Acacia modesta Wall., exhibited higher anti-hyperglycemic activity in comparison to extracts in other solvents, while no extract demonstrated cytotoxic and proliferation effects when tested using HepG2 cell line

Peristaltic Flow in a Deformable Channel

The effects of wall contraction or expansion on the characteristics of the peristaltic flow have been considered in this paper. For that, we present a theoretical model of laminar incompressible viscous peristaltic flow in a deformable channel. The problem is modeled in terms of unsteady twodimensional Navier Stokes equations and the solution is obtained using the perturbation method. The physical parameters appearing due to deformation and the peristaltic motion are the wall expansion ratio (α) and the wave number (δ ), respectively. Analytic perturbation results are obtained for small wave number and small wall expansion ratio. Basically the study is undertaken to examine the peristaltic motion along with the deformation of the channel. This will enhance our understanding of deformation/squeezing and peristalsis phenomena independently and jointly. Deformation effects are shown on the otherwise peristaltic fluid flow. The results of peristaltic flow [Shapiro et al., J. Fluid Mech. Digit. Archive 37, 799 (1969)] can be recovered for the limiting case of α equal to zero

Response of Callosobruchus chinensis L. to plant extracts and to the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae: Poster

Present investigation was carried out to elucidate the extracts of botanicals i.e., Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi and Terminalia chebula, for their possible toxic effect against C. chinensis population. The results revealed that mortality was highest (94.649%) in case of T. ammi treatment, followed by T. chebula with mortality value 56.929%. Mortality was 52.363% where application of C. intybus was carried out. Minimum mortality (34.500%) was observed in G. glabra treated grains. A natural ecto-parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae was used to manage C. chinensis population. A. calandrae male and female adults (5, 10 and 15 pairs) were released to analyze the parasitism efficiency. A. calandrae was reared in the laboratory on C. chinensis larvae. Honey was offered as a suitable food to parasitoid. The parasitism data was recorded after the adult emergence of brunchid beetles. The experiment conducted under Completely Randomized Design and results statistically evaluated using statistical software at 5% level of significance. A. calandrae parasitized both larval and pupal stages of C. chinensis and preferred 4th instar larvae of C. chinensis. Large amount of A. calandrae may efficiently control the C. chinensis population. As compared to control (1558.7 host adult), the minimum host emergence (699.00 host adult) was observed with high population density of A. calandrae. It was also obvious from the results, that mortality was increased with the increase in concentration so, a direct dosemortality response was observed.Present investigation was carried out to elucidate the extracts of botanicals i.e., Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi and Terminalia chebula, for their possible toxic effect against C. chinensis population. The results revealed that mortality was highest (94.649%) in case of T. ammi treatment, followed by T. chebula with mortality value 56.929%. Mortality was 52.363% where application of C. intybus was carried out. Minimum mortality (34.500%) was observed in G. glabra treated grains. A natural ecto-parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae was used to manage C. chinensis population. A. calandrae male and female adults (5, 10 and 15 pairs) were released to analyze the parasitism efficiency. A. calandrae was reared in the laboratory on C. chinensis larvae. Honey was offered as a suitable food to parasitoid. The parasitism data was recorded after the adult emergence of brunchid beetles. The experiment conducted under Completely Randomized Design and results statistically evaluated using statistical software at 5% level of significance. A. calandrae parasitized both larval and pupal stages of C. chinensis and preferred 4th instar larvae of C. chinensis. Large amount of A. calandrae may efficiently control the C. chinensis population. As compared to control (1558.7 host adult), the minimum host emergence (699.00 host adult) was observed with high population density of A. calandrae. It was also obvious from the results, that mortality was increased with the increase in concentration so, a direct dosemortality response was observed

Pakistani Physicians: Exploring the Paradox of Public Service Motivation and User Orientation

The desire to support single beneficiary of public services (user orientation) has divergence with desire to support society at large, both motivations compete in same dimensional space. Extra ordinary usage of broad spectrum antibiotics creates negative externalities for society as large because excessive use of antibiotics creates resistance among bacteria that become hard and expensive to cure. There exists large gap to comprehend difference between discrete choices of both motivations of public service. The antibiotics prescriptions behavior of Pakistani general physicians (Doctors) has been analyzed in this study to investigate the association between Public Service Motivation and user orientation with this behavior. 250 Pakistani general practitioners were chosen in both private and public sector to investigate the PSM relationship with user orientation. The findings indicate that there is different association between Public Service Motivation and user orientation regarding prescription behavior of the general physicians (Doctors). This entails that it is necessary to investigate this behavior difference to know whether the public service provider is fascinated towards helping single beneficiary or be concerned more about society

Laparoscopic total colectomy in an eight-year-old with familial adenomatous polyposis: A case report

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis accounts for20 years of age. Endoscopy is essential for the diagnosis with definitive treatment involving prophylactic total colectomy. With current surgical advances, this is routinely being performed with the aid of laparoscopy. Due to resource limitations and non-availability of the screening programs in the developing world, such cases remain under diagnosed. Genetic testing is necessary for prognostication of both the index case and their at-risk family members. Thus, we present a rare case of an eight-year-old female, with an early onset progression to colorectal cancer with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. We performed a prophylactic laparoscopic total procto-colectomy with ileo-anal anastomosis, which to our knowledge is the first ever-performed procedure in Pakistan. We conclude that progression to colorectal carcinoma in familial adenomatous polyposis can present at an earlier age than that reported in the literature. Laparoscopic total colectomy has similar outcomes than open surgical methods with better cosmetic results

Impact of Social, Political and Economic Globalization on Gender Inequality Index in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis

This study is designed to calculate the newly introduced Gender Inequality Index for Pakistan according to the formula mentioned in technical notes of United Nations Development Report (2010) and then finding the impact of Social, Political and Economic Globalization on Gender Inequality Index. Time series data from 1980 to 2014 is used for Gender Inequality Index, Social, Political and Economic Globalization. Johnsons Co-integration technique is applied to investigate the impact of social, economic and political globalization on gender inequality index in Pakistan. The results of study show negative and significant relationship between economic globalization, social globalization and gender inequality index, while a negative but insignificant relationship is found between political globalization and gender inequality index. The results of the study are consistent with various theoretical and empirical studies. The policies related to globalization promotion are recommended to enrich the country with development through gender balances. To increase impact of political globalization, Pakistan needs to put more emphasis in following the spirit of treaties which target gender disparity of which she is the signator

Relationship of sociodemographic factors with serum levels of vitamin D in a healthy population of Pakistan

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported from Pakistan. Association of sociodemographic factors with vitamin D status has received little attention in this region. Therefore, we embarked on investigating the relationship of sociodemographic factors with vitamin D levels in a healthy Pakistani population. Venous blood from 226 healthy participants (age range 19-69 years) was collected and analyzed for serum concentrations of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D] and other related biomarkers. Demographic characteristics of the study participants were collected. Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/ml) was found to be 75% in this cohort. Gender, sunlight exposure and monthly household income emerged as predictors of hypovitaminosis D. Mean serum 25(OH)D levels in the groups with monthly household income less than Pakistani Rupees (PKR) 20,000, between PKR 20,000-50,000 and above PKR 50,000 were found to be 11.0±7.5, 13.9±9.6 and16.9±11.7 ng/ml, respectively. Using logistic regression the odds of having vitamin D deficiency was 3.22 (95% CI, 1.65-6.28) in the group with household income less than PKR 50,000 per month compared to the group with household income more than PKR 50,000 per month when the model was adjusted for gender and exposure to sunlight. There is an association between household income and hypovitaminosis D in a healthy Pakistani population