Networks, Courts and Regional Integration - Explaining the Establishment of the Andean Court of Justice

Legal transplants have traditionally been believed to be the product of reason and informed decision-making that follow arduous deliberations and bargaining between lawmakers. This paper argues that some major legal transformations can be better explained with the help of networks. It delves into the history of the establishment of the Andean Court of Justice and asks who got to decide the major questions in regard to the institutional design of the court. I argue that contrary to dominant assumptions, consultants and think tanks play a decisive role in the shaping of legal transplants. They are the ones that decide which model to follow. They get to choose participants in relevant working groups and it is them who shape the final proposal that will be voted by the lawmaker. As the complexity of the topic increases, professional networks can use technical discourse that makes scrutiny unlikely. The research shows that in case of Andean regional integration, the personal background of consultant is also very relevant, because it determines what models will be considered for eventual benchmarking. However, the mere existence of networks is not enough for producing legal change; a window of opportunity is a necessary condition.law; legal culture; Europeanization; Europeanization

Systemic risk analysis using forward-looking distance-to-default series

Based on contingent claims theory, this paper develops a method to monitor systemic risk in the European banking system. Aggregated Distance-to-Default series are generated using option prices information from systemically important banks and the DJ STOXX Banks Index. These indicators provide methodological advantages in monitoring vulnerabilities in the banking system over time: 1) they capture interdependences and joint risk of distress in systemically important banks; 2) their forward-looking feature endow them with early signaling properties compared to traditional approaches in the literature and other market-based indicators; and 3) they produce simultaneously both smooth and informative long-term signals and quick and clear reaction to market distress.Systemic risk ; Banks and banking - Europe

explaining the establishment of the Andean court of justice

1\. Introduction 5 2\. The Transplant Approach and the Andean Puzzles 5 2.1 Aims and Limitations of the Transplant Approach 5 2.2 Three Andean Puzzles 7 3\. Epistemic Communities and Advocacy Coalitions: A Framework 9 4\. The Andean-European Network 11 4.1 Crafting a Policy Core for the Network 11 4.2 Diffusing the Network’s Policy Program 14 5\. Conditions for the Action of Networks: Using Windows of Opportunities 14 6\. Contesting the Governments’ Control over the Integration Process 16 6.1 The Case of the Chilean Parliament 16 6.2 Colombia and its Supreme Court 16 7\. Expanding the Network: Bringing the Judges in 18 8\. Conclusion 20 Literature 22Legal transplants have traditionally been believed to be the product of reason and informed decision-making that follow arduous deliberations and bargaining between lawmakers. This paper argues that some major legal transformations can be better explained with the help of networks. It delves into the history of the establishment of the Andean Court of Justice and asks who got to decide the major questions in regard to the institutional design of the court. I argue that contrary to dominant assumptions, consultants and think tanks play a decisive role in the shaping of legal transplants. They are the ones that decide which model to follow. They get to choose participants in relevant working groups and it is them who shape the final proposal that will be voted by the lawmaker. As the complexity of the topic increases, professional networks can use technical discourse that makes scrutiny unlikely. The research shows that in case of Andean regional integration, the personal background of consultant is also very relevant, because it determines what models will be considered for eventual benchmarking. However, the mere existence of networks is not enough for producing legal change; a window of opportunity is a necessary condition

Vertical segregation among pathways mediating nitrogen loss (N2 and N2O production) across the oxygen gradient in a coastal upwelling ecosystem

Indexación: ScopusThe upwelling system off central Chile (36.5 S) is seasonally subjected to oxygen (O2)-deficient waters, with a strong vertical gradient in O2 (from oxic to anoxic conditions) that spans a few metres (30-50€m interval) over the shelf. This condition inhibits and/or stimulates processes involved in nitrogen (N) removal (e.g. anammox, denitrification, and nitrification). During austral spring (September 2013) and summer (January 2014), the main pathways involved in N loss and its speciation, in the form of N2 and/or N2O, were studied using 15N-tracer incubations, inhibitor assays, and the natural abundance of nitrate isotopes along with hydrographic information. Incubations were developed using water retrieved from the oxycline (25€m depth) and bottom waters (85€m depth) over the continental shelf off Concepción, Chile. Results of 15N-labelled incubations revealed higher N removal activity during the austral summer, with denitrification as the dominant N2-producing pathway, which occurred together with anammox at all times. Interestingly, in both spring and summer maximum potential N removal rates were observed in the oxycline, where a greater availability of oxygen was observed (maximum O2 fluctuation between 270 and 40€μmol€L'1) relative to the hypoxic bottom waters ( < €20€μmol€O2€L'1). Different pathways were responsible for N2O produced in the oxycline and bottom waters, with ammonium oxidation and dissimilatory nitrite reduction, respectively, as the main source processes. Ammonium produced by dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNiRA) could sustain both anammox and nitrification rates, including the ammonium utilized for N2O production. The temporal and vertical variability of /15N-NO3' confirms that multiple N-cycling processes are modulating the isotopic nitrate composition over the shelf off central Chile during spring and summer. N removal processes in this coastal system appear to be related to the availability and distribution of oxygen and particles, which are a source of organic matter and the fuel for the production of other electron donors (i.e. ammonium) and acceptors (i.e. nitrate and nitrite) after its remineralization. These results highlight the links between several pathways involved in N loss. They also establish that different mechanisms supported by alternative N substrates are responsible for substantial accumulation of N2O, which are frequently observed as hotspots in the oxycline and bottom waters. Considering the extreme variation in oxygen observed in several coastal upwelling systems, these findings could help to understand the ecological and biogeochemical implications due to global warming where intensification and/or expansion of the oceanic OMZs is projected.https://www.biogeosciences.net/14/4795/2017

Networks, courts and regional integration: explaining the establishment of the Andean Court of Justice

Legal transplants have traditionally been believed to be the product of reason and informed decision-making that follow arduous deliberations and bargaining between lawmakers. This paper argues that some major legal transformations can be better explained with the help of networks. It delves into the history of the establishment of the Andean Court of Justice and asks who got to decide the major questions in regard to the institutional design of the court. I argue that contrary to dominant assumptions, consultants and think tanks play a decisive role in the shaping of legal transplants. They are the ones that decide which model to follow. They get to choose participants in relevant working groups and it is them who shape the final proposal that will be voted by the lawmaker. As the complexity of the topic increases, professional networks can use technical discourse that makes scrutiny unlikely. The research shows that in case of Andean regional integration, the personal background of consultant is also very relevant, because it determines what models will be considered for eventual benchmarking. However, the mere existence of networks is not enough for producing legal change; a window of opportunity is a necessary condition

Citoyenneté trasnational et droit pénal: a propos del case européen

El marco pol&iacute;tico de comprensi&oacute;n de la ciudadan&iacute;a se ve intensamente puesto a prueba por los intentos de construcci&oacute;n de espacios de deliberaci&oacute;n transnacionales. El caso de la denominada &ldquo;Constituci&oacute;n Europea&rdquo; resulta paradigm&aacute;tico a este respecto. Esta tensi&oacute;n tiene un aspecto de relevancia frente a la justificaci&oacute;n filos&oacute;fico pol&iacute;tica del derecho penal: el reconocimiento y las expectativas pol&iacute;ticas determinan la forma que el derecho penal ha de tener en el contexto de estos nuevos espacios de deliberaci&oacute;n.The political framework of citizenship is intensely tested by attempts to build transnational spaces of deliberation. The case of the so-called &ldquo;European Constitution&rdquo; is paradigmatic in this respect. The tension has an aspect of policy relevance from the perspective of philosophical justification of criminal law: recognition and political expectations determine how criminal law must be shaped in the context of these new spaces of deliberation.Le cadre politique de connaissance de la citoyennet&eacute; est mise &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve par les tentatives de construire des espaces transnationaux de d&eacute;lib&eacute;ration. &Agrave; cet &eacute;gard, on peut trouver un exemple paradigmatique dans la &ldquo;Constitution europ&eacute;enne&rdquo;. Cette tension est importante face &agrave; la justification philosophique du droit p&eacute;nal: la reconnaissance et les attentes politiques mod&egrave;lent la mani&egrave;re dans laquelle le droit p&eacute;nal doit &ecirc;tre compris dans le contexte des nouveaux espaces de d&eacute;liberation

The voice of the underground America in judicial documentation. Indigenous and Portuguese new christian witnesses in legal processes of the 16th Century

El artículo indaga en procesos judiciales que involucraron, en calidad de testigos, a dos colectivos presentes en el Imperio español durante la modernidad temprana (siglos XVI-XVII). Se trata de individuos considerados usualmente, por las autoridades imperiales, como subversores del sistema: indígenas en la frontera chilena y portugueses cristianos nuevos. El análisis de los expedientes producidos en los foros eclesiásticos y seculares sorprende por la riqueza del material que evidencia la afinidad existente entre ambas realidades.The article examines judicial processes that involved, as witnesses, two groups present in the Spanish Empire during the early modern period (16th and 17th centuries). These are individuals usually considered, by the imperial authorities, as subverters of the system: indigenous on the Chilean border and Portuguese new Christians. The analysis of records produced in ecclesiastical and secular forums surprises us with the richness of the material that shows the affinity between both realities.Fondecyt 317045

A Market-based Approach to Sector Risk Determinants and Transmission in the Euro Area

In a panel data framework applied to Portfolio Distance-to-Default series of corporate sectors in the euro area, this paper evaluates systemic and idiosyncratic determinants of default risk and examines how distress is transferred in and between the financial and corporate sectors since the early days of the euro. This approach takes into account observed and unobserved common factors and the presence of different degrees of cross-section dependence in the form of economic proximity. This paper contributes to the financial stability literature with a contingent claims approach to a sector-based analysis with a less dominant macro focus while being compatible with existing stress-testing methodologies in the literature. A disaggregated analysis of the different corporate and financial sectors allows for a more detailed assessment of specificities in terms of risk pro le, i.e. heterogeneity of business models, risk exposures and interaction with the rest of the macro environment.

Benefits of using translation and the L1 in the EFL classroom

The present research project focuses on a topic that has encouraged much debate over the past years: The use of translation and the mother tongue in the EFL classes. This project constitutes an attempt to demonstrate how the use of translation is a significant part of English teaching and how, although not popular nowadays, it brings about outstanding benefits. The objective of the project is to reach a conclusion on whether the use of translation and the mother tongue in class is beneficial when acquiring a new structure, more specifically when learning to use ‘wish’. In addition, the project will also test the reaction of students facing autonomous work without the help and explanations of the teacher and it will also provide the opinion of students and teachers. The study is based on the results obtained by a group of students of 4th ESO from the bilingual section of a high school in Navarre. The participants are aged between 15 and 17. The project was carried out during three sessions conducted in two consecutive weeks. The results show that the use of translation when acquiring a new grammatical structure seems to be beneficial. It also shows that students facing autonomous work when learning a grammatical structure is tougher for themMáster Universitario en Profesorado de Educación Secundaria por la Universidad Pública de NavarraBigarren Hezkuntzako Irakasletzako Unibertsitate Masterra Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa